NR 150 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 – 4Lecture 1 (January 22)What are the four kinds of marine resources? Explain eachPhysical resources; consists of petroleum and natural gas, methane hydrate, sand and gravel, deep-sea mining, salts, and freshwater. Energy resources; consists of energy from wind and waves, currents, and tides. Biological resources; consists of living animals and plants from the ocean. Non-extractive resources; consists of the transportation of goods and people, recreation,and waste disposal outlets.What is the significance of petroleum and natural gas as a marine resource?About 35% of petroleum and 28% of natural gas resources are extracted from the sea bed.What is the problem with extracting petroleum and natural gas from the seabed?Drilling is much more expensive when extracting petroleum and natural gas from the seabed than it would be on land since it requires offshore drilling platforms and other specialized equipment, such as transport systems for drilled oil to be sent back to shore. Offshore drilling is also much more dangerous for workers and the environment due to weather and the potential for oil spills.What are the two most valuable physical resources that the ocean provides?Petroleum and natural gas are the most valuable natural resource monetarily. Sand and gravel are the second most valuable physical resource monetarily.What is the process which enables freshwater to be extracted from the ocean? What is the mainissue with this process?Desalinization makes suitable drinking water by separating pure water from salts and wastes in seawater. The most significant issue desalinization poses is the cost, because it requires the use of specialized technologies to perform distillation, freezing, or reverse osmosis which is expensive.What are some of the main issues with the extraction of biological resources from the ocean?Bottom-trawling by commercial fishing vessels damages many bottom-dwelling communities. Many fishing vessels also catch volumes of bycatch, which are animals that are unintentionally killed while collecting desired animals, which exceeds the amount of targeted animals. Also, themajority of today’s fisheries are unsustainable due to overfishing. Most fisheries exceed the maximum sustainable yield, or the maximum amount of species that can be harvested without affecting future generations.Lecture 2 (January 29)What major contributions did ancient Mediterranean cultures make to marine science?The Mediterranean cultures were thought to be the first cartographers of the ocean and they recorded large amounts of information about locations, landmarks, and currents.Who was Eratosthenes of Cyrene? What is his significance?Eratosthenes of Cyrene was the chief librarian at the Library of Alexandria, which stored information on every area of human endeavor. He was the first person to calculate the circumference of the world and was only 10% off from modern calculations. He also introduced a system of latitude and longitude, based on known cities at the time.What is the name for zero longitude? Zero latitude?Prime Meridian in Greenwich, England; the Equator.When did Polynesian explorers begin colonizing islands in the Pacific Ocean?Islands off the coast of Asia were colonized about 20000 years ago. Mid-Pacific islands, like the Marshall Islands, were colonized about 2500 years ago. Smaller, more remote Pacific islands, likeEaster Island and Hawaii, were colonized about 600 years ago.What did early Polynesian explorers use to guide their travels?Polynesian seafarers used birds, stars, trade wind patterns, and other natural patterns to guide their travels.What happened at Easter Island?The soil on Easter Island was very rich and was home to a large amount of trees which were used by its inhabitants to build boats. However, its inhabitants built too many boats and eventually had no trees available for them to make boats to leave the island. By the time Europeans arrived at the island, few indigenous people were left due to clan warfare over limited resources.What are some examples of advanced technology used by Chinese seafarers?Chinese navigators used ships with water-tight compartments, central rudders, and sails on multiple masts. These ships were also much larger than those used in the past and functioned on the rough oceans much better. The ships were also capable of staying at sea because they didn’t need to stop for provisions often since they distilled fresh water from the ocean and grewvegetables on board.What were the goals of Chinese exploration? What was an unintentional consequence of Chinese exploration?The main goal of Chinese exploration was to display Chinese wealth and power, which was accomplished by carrying treasure on their ships during explorations. As a consequence of thesevoyages, Chinese technology filtered into the West and made later discovery possible.Lecture 3 (February 3)Who was Henry the Navigator?Henry the Navigator was the Prince of Portugal. He wanted to find a sea route around the Sahara Desert, which was the traditional route for slave and gold trading via caravans. After his expeditions, he brought back gold to Europe to mint the first gold coins in Europe.Who was Christopher Columbus?Christopher Columbus was a seafarer who wanted to pioneer a sea route to the rich and fabled lands of the East. He conducted 4 trips to the Caribbean, but he wasn’t the first explorer to the Americas.What was the Magellan Expedition?The Magellan Expedition was the first voyage around the world, which took about 3 years. By the end of the expedition, only 18 of the 200 original sailors survived.What was the first scientific ocean expedition?The first scientifically based ocean exploration was led by James Cooke of the British Royal Navy.He began the official study of the ocean by bringing back data and specimens during his voyageson the HMS Endeavor.What was the US Exploring Expedition?The US Exploring Expedition was a naval and scientific expedition under the leadership of Lt. Charles Wilkes which brought back many specimens and artifacts. This expedition eventually lead to the collections that make up the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C.Who was the “Father of Physical Oceanography”? What earned him this name?The “Father of Physical Oceanography” was Matthew Maury. H earned this name through his discoveries of the worldwide patterns of winds and ocean currents which helped the