NR 150 1st Edition Lecture 12 Outline of Last Lecture I Comparison Deep water vs Shallow water waves II Tsunami III Comparison Tsunamis vs Tides IV Tides and forces that generate them V Tidal friction gradually slows Earth s rotation Outline of Current Lecture VI All life on Earth is fundamentally the same it s just packaged in different ways VII Three Domains of Life VIII Modern System of Biological Classification IX The flow of energy through living systems X Primary producers synthesize organic material XI Photosynthesis depends on light XII Primary productivity of the ocean XIII Trophic Pyramid XIV The role of bacteria XV Classification of Marine Environments by location XVI Pelagic communities occupy the open ocean XVII Dissolved nutrients are required for the production of organic matter Current Lecture I All life on Earth is fundamentally the same it s just packaged in different ways a Skin shells etc II Three Domains of Life a Domain Bacteria b Domain Archaea These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute c Domain Eukarya i Includes Kingdoms III Modern System of Biological Classification a Linnaeus came up with the idea of hierarchy b Scientific names binomial Genus species IV The flow of energy through living systems a Light energy producers consumers to space via energy of movement waste heat and entropy b Energy flow allows living things to maintain complex organization V Primary producers synthesize organic material a Primary productivity grams of carbon bound into organic material per square meter of ocean surface per year b Primary producer phytoplankton 90 96 c Occurs in water in seabed sdiments and in solid rock d Extremophiles bacteria and archaea that live under extreme conditions VI Photosynthesis depends on light a Most of the biological productivity of the ocean occurs in an area near the surface called the euphotic zone b Belo the euphotic zone lies the disphotic zone c Below the disphotic zone lies the dark aphotic zone the vast bulk of the ocean where sunlight never reaches VII Primary productivity of the ocean a Most of the carbohydrates and photosynthesis take place on the coastlines least productivity is in the middle of gyres b Diatoms are primary producers synthesize organic material VIII Trophic Pyramid a Phytoplankton primary producers i Zooplankton primary consumers 1 Small fishes and larvae consumers a Midsize fishes secondary consumers i Large fish tertiary consumers IX The role of bacteria a Dissolved organic matter cannot be used by organisms directly b Bacteria decompose organic matter detritus consisting of complex compounds polymeric high molecular weight c Bacteria make carbon available for higher trophic level X Classification of Marine Environments by location a Pelagic organisms live suspended in sea water i Subdivided into two zones 1 Neritic zone near shore over the continental shelf 2 Oceanic zone beyond the continental shelf a Further divided by depth and length b Benthic organisms live on or in the ocean bottom XI Pelagic communities occupy the open ocean a Plankton drift or swim weakly go where the currents take them i Can t move well laterally some move vertically ii Highly diverse in numbers and types of species 1 Phytoplankton plants most productive in areas with high levels of nutrients a Autotrophs and primary producers b Highest productivity near continents upwelling of nutrients nutrients from land runoff c Tropical waters are very clear because they have few phytoplankton d Diatoms the dominants and most productive of the photosynthetic plankton group of algae i Silica frustule ii Very efficient energy converters iii Store energy as fatty acids or oils sink float balance e Dinoflagellates widely distributed single celled phytoplankton i Use flagella to move ii Can cause red tides 1 Harmful algae blooms HABs 2 Can be caused by excessive nutrients released into the water f Coccolithophores small single celled autotrophs 2 Zooplankton animals a Heterotrophs i Primarily eat phytoplankton but some herbivores carnivores detritivores and omnivores ii Primary and secondary consumers b Krill plankton is most important in the food chain mostly eats phytoplankton c Foraminifera zooplankton Planktonic and Benthic forms d Holoplankton spends entire life as plankton i Copepods are the most numerous of zooplankton ii Meroplankton spends part of life as plants ie larvae b Nekton actively swim XII Dissolved nutrients are required for the production of organic matter a Limited nutrients b Main inorganic nutrients required in primary production nitrogen and phosphate c Short in supply dissolved silicate for shells d Trace elements iron and copper used in enzymes vitamins