NRC 225 1st Edition Exam 2 Study Guide Lectures 12 26 Lecture 12 The Shakers Part of the United Society of Believers in Christ s Second Appearing Communitarian but capitalist agrarian but not anti technology pacifist egalitarian Lived well into their 80 s because of their diets Had a lot of mutual respect with Native Americans learned healing process Mother Ann Lee church leaders Regarded work as a form of perfection Agriculture Caring for the land manuring crop rotation fallow Unlike the rest of the country they stayed on the land their whole life Diversity of crops and livestock Site specific adaptation intergenerational teaching Whole foods simple varied nutritious appealing Herbal medicines and dietary supplements Direct marketing renowned quality sold their goods for top dollar Managing of Forests Fences lasted hundreds of years didn t have to replace Methods stand improvement thinning from below salvage and clean up single tree selection small group selection path cuts Black roof to keep the house warm Invented the stove only burned 1 3 amount of wood Energy Conservation meant forest conservation and human time and energy conservation too Wood is a renewable resource Trees grow and use carbon wood burning uses carbon Lecture 13 George Perkins Marsh Father was well educated so he snuck into his library and read his books Started writing about the effects of peoples actions No one looked at the effects of all the axes Saw the inherently destructive nature of our constant movement in America Went the political route U S Representative but quit because he was too introvert Believed the new world blindly follows the old world With the disappearance of the forest all is changed Looks at damage of fish habitat damns logging forest destruction Asked to work on commissions to see these damages which inspired his book Wrote Man and Nature Effects of George Perkins Marsh Franklin Hough brings the book to Congress and realizes he is right Used this information to start Catskill and Adirondack Forest Preserve Organic Act of 1987 no national forest may be established except to improve and protect the Forest Forest Preserves begin all over the country Man and Nature influenced Gifford Pinchot What relevance have Marsh s environmental insights today 1 The inevitably of impact 2 The primacy of the unexpected 3 The singularity of human intent 4 The necessity of stewardship 5 The primacy of the amateur Lecture 14 Gifford Pinchot Wealthy from logging Went to National School of Water and Forests but never received a degree Came up with the idea of protection forest using a forest to stop erosion from a mountain from destroying a town at the bottom of a mountain Formed the Second American Forest Congress this time the president is interested and wants to take action U S Forest Service is developed really came together with forest fires Identify untouched forests and make them national forests 200 million acres of national forest Theodore Roosevelt Thought about government as a way to change daily life and future of Americans Conservation was a major part of his domestic policy Went on camping trips with John Burroughs and John Muir William McKinley Made Roosevelt vice president was assassinated to Roosevelt became president Teddy Roosevelt is not re elected and people begin undoing what he did saying it was illegal Lecture 15 The Weeks Act of 1911 Forest Conservation back East The secretary of agriculture is hereby authorized and directed to examine locate and purchase such forested cut over or denuded lands within the watersheds of navigable streams as in his judgment may be necessary to the regulation of the flow of navigable streams or the production of timber Raphael Zon Of all the direct influences of the forest the influence upon the supply of water in streams and the regularity of their flow is the most important human in economy Wrote Forests and Water in the Light of Scientific Investigation Second coming of Man and Nature Some of Raphael s findings The total discharge of rivers depends upon climate The regularity of flow depends upon the storage capacity of the watershed Forests tend to equalize streamflow throughout the year Forests retard snowmelt Forests prevent erosion Forests cannot prevent floods produced by exceptional precipitation but they can mitigate their destructiveness Decided were the forest wind breaks would be established for CCC Henry S Graves Chief U S forest service 1910 1920 Forests on critical watersheds should be owned by the public for their protective value Only opposition was from Joseph Cannon Joseph Cannon Speaker of the house Not one cent for scenery Regarded as most powerful political speaker of house ever Feuded with Theodore Roosevelt John Weeks Developed Weeks Act Quieter than Theodore Roosevelt Weeks Graves and Zon were all Conservationists and butted head with Cannon Lecture 16 Great Depression and Dust Bowl Everyone s starving farming isn t worth it unemployment World War I Veterans rally at Washington thought to be a communist revolution Police kill 4 and injure 1 000 veterans Caused Hoover to be voted out of office and FDR to be voted in Hugh Hammond Bennet Called the Gifford Pinchot of soil erosion Tried to explain congress how important it was no one listened until dust came to capitol Franklin D Roosevelt The First 100 days Civilian Conservation Corps Civilian Conservation Corps Gave people warm bed money dignity food Average person grew an inch and a half and gained 15 pounds 25 sent home to family 5 spending money month Every CCC enrollee benefited at least 14 people outside of program Planted millions of trees Firefighting construction soil erosion control flood response aid ect George Marshall Author of the Marshall Plan that saved Europe from disintegration Understood that these young men would be in armed forces in WWII worked hard LEM s Camp cook mechanics carpenters welders loggers stone masons construction surveyors equipment operators Worked in CCC camps Lecture 17 Aldo Leopold Changed how we look at relationship of people and earth Came up with Earth ethic that is more relevant today Was way ahead of his time ideas weren t used until later in his life Father conservationist and mother encouraged him First generation of foresters worked for forest service Organized the game protection association Saw that deer were bad for the forest if there was too much stopped hunting wolves to let them regulate deer Land ethic we include land and