BCHM 3050 1st Edition Lecture 33 Outline of Last Lecture I The Citric Acid Cycle II Summary of Reaction III Mitochondria Ultrastructure IV Overview of the Citric Acid Cycle V Enzymes of the Citric Acid Cycle VI Pyruvate Dehydrogenase VII Citrate Synthase VIII Succinate Dehydrogenase Outline of Current Lecture I Amphibolic Nature of the TCA Cycle II Summary of Glycolysis and TCA Cycle III Oxidation and Reduction IV Reduction Potential V Overview of Electron Transport Chain Current Lecture I II Amphibolic Nature of the TCA Cycle a For every molecule of glucose the cycle will go through twice because there is 2 molecules of pyruvate b Oxeloacetate convert this amino acid into aspartate is an important step c Can re trace steps via gluconeogenesis to be converted back to glucose d Alpha ketoglutrate purine bisynthesis e Oxeloacetate Acetyl CoA aspartic acid f Molecules can go through other processes that do not directly participate in the break down of glucose g Can convert some pyruvate directly to oxeloacatate when necessary catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase add one CO2 molecule to pyruvate h Malate dehydrogenase and Pyruvate carboxylate participate in anaplurotic reactions to replenish intermediates in the Kreb s Cycle such as oxeloacetate i Not favored reaction because require lots of energy Summary of Glycolysis and TCA Cycle a Will go through Kreb s Cycle twice b At the end of the Kreb s Cycle this is generated 10 NADH 2FADH2 4 ATP 6 CO2 These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute III IV V c No CO2 is released during glycolysis d Substrate level phosphorylation in Kreb s cycle is carried out by succinal coA synthetase make GTP and ATP Oxidation and Reduction a Oxidation electrons released i There has to be something to accept the electron in order for this to occur oxidation and reduction always occur together b Reduction electrons gained c When Cu loses an electron oxidized it gains a positive charge Fe is getting reduced because it is gaining an electron d Example Malate loses 2 electrons and gives them to NAD the 2 electrons shows a covalent bond i Malate is oxidized to oxaloacetate NAD is reduced to NADH ii Generated an electron carried NADH Reduction Potential a Reduction potential the potential of a compound to get reduced b Higher the reduction potential more likely to attract electrons and get reduced good oxidizing agent c Good oxidizing agents get reduced themselves and help other molecules to get oxidized positive reduction potential d Idea of electron transport chain is that electrons are going from one chemical to another chemical always go from low reduction potential to a high reduction potential e Oxygen is the last molecule to receive the electrons f First release CO2 and oxygen comes out at the very end g Oxygen has the highest reduction potential h NAD has a negative reduction potential i Fluorine has the highest reduction potential Overview of Electron Transport Chain a Electrons come from NADH which was generated during glycolysis and krebs cycle electrons flow through all 4 complexes oxygen accepts electrons at the end to form water i Transfer of electrons generates ATP
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