PS 101 1st Edition Lecture 20Outline of Last Lecture I. The Place of Congress-RepresentationII. Theories of Substantive Representation-Mandate Theory-Independence TheoryIII. Implications of the TheoriesIV. Some Debates About Representation-“Fenno’s Paradox”V. How Can We Reconcile This?VI. Why The Controversy? -GerrymanderingVII. Elections and AccountabilityVIII. ConclusionsOutline of Current Lecture I. Review of Constitutional Foundations II. House and Senate PowerIII. Norms in Lawmaking-How A Bill Becomes a LawIV. Exceptions to Textbook ProcessesV. More on Congressional Committees VI. Rules-Procedure-Amendment-Floor DebateVII. ConclusionsCurrent Lecture: Congress; Organization & RulesI. Review of Constitutional FoundationsA. Bicameralism (arising from Great Compromise)B. Personnel1. 435 members of the House of Representatives2. 100 members of the Senate, each elected for 6 year termsC. Implied vs. enumerated powersD. Qualifications for Office1. To become a member of the House, you must be:These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a. At least 25 years oldb. A citizen for at least 7 yearsc. A resident of the state (though not necessarily district) in which you are running2. To become a member of the Senate, you must be: a. At least 30 years oldb. A citizen for at least 9 yearsc. A resident of the state you will representII. House & Senate PowersA. Most are the sameB Things only the House can do: 1. Originate tax bills2. ImpeachC. Things only the Senate can do: 1. Confirm major presidential appointments2. Approve treatiesD. House Leadership1. Leader selected by the majority party is the Speaker of the House2. The second in command is the House Majority Leader3. Leader selected by the opposing party is the House Minority Leader4. Whipsa. They coordinate; whip the parties into shape to make the party vote withleadership; they also report back to leadership about what is politically possibleE. Senate Leadership1. The Vice-President is officially the leader of the Senate2. President pro tempore presides in his absence3. Real leader is the Senate Majority Leader, and the counterpart in the opposing party, the Senate Minority LeaderF. What do Leaders Do?1. Coalition-builders, not autocrats 2. Can’t force the rank-and-file to do anything3. Thought they can offer inducements and some minor punishmentsIII. Norms in LawmakingA. Universalism1. When benefits are divided up, as many districts/states as possible should benefitB. Reciprocity (aka logrolling)1. An MC supports a measure he or she might otherwise oppose to help a colleague, and that colleague is expected to return the favorC. SpecializationD. Seniority 1. Matters the most in committee assignmentsE. Civility1. A lot more shouting and name-calling now than there was in the 80s/90s2. Suppose to keep personal things out of debatesF. How A Bill Becomes A Law1. The bill is introduceda. Written up by the legislator (with lots of help from staffers and friendly lobbyists) and dropped in the “hopper” b. About 8,000 bills introduced per Congress2. The bill is assigned to a committee3.The committee (usually) sends it to a subcommittee for markup and amendments4. If the subcommittee passes the bill, it goes to the full committee for a vote. If it passes there, it goes to the chamber for consideration5. In the House, the Rules Committee decides the conditions under which the bill will be debated on the floora. What types of amendments can be attachedb. How long debate will be6. The chamber votes7. If a bill passes both the House and Senate, it goes to a conference committee where differences are ironed out8. If the House and Senate agree to the conference committee compromise, the bill goes to the President9. The President’s options a. Sign the bill— It becomes lawb. Veto the bill— It fails to become law (barring an override)c. Do nothingi. If after 10 days, he has not signed it and Congress is still in session, it becomes lawii. If after 10 days, he has not signed it, and Congress has adjourned, it dies via a “pocket veto”IV. Exceptions to the Textbook ProcessA. Many major bills bypass the committee systemB. Many bills adjusted post-committeeC. Summit meetings between the President and leaders provide a work-aroundD. Omnibus legislationV. More on Congressional CommitteesA.Why do committees exist? B. Types of committees1. Standing committees are permanent committees that specialize in an area of public policy2. Select committees are temporary and created for a specific purpose3. Joint committees are made up of members of the House andSenate, and are mostly limited to fact-finding missions4. Conference committeesC. Influence on Committees1. Some committees are more prestigious than others a. Appropriations, Ways and Means, Finance 2. Individual influence grows with seniority and expertise (incentive to stay on)3. The most senior member of the majority party is generally the committee chairD. How Powerful are Committees?1. Very!2. Committeesa. Staffers do research on issues before bills are draftedb. Hold hearings to gather information and attract attention to an issuec. At markup sessions, members meet to decide on the provisions of a bill d. Committee and subcommittee chairs are very powerfulVI. RulesA. Rules of Procedure1. Operation of chambers is structured by formal rules and informal norms2.There are both general and bill-specific rules 3. The rules are not neutral!a. Majority decides upon rules that advantage it4. House-Senate differences a. House more orderly and complexb. Senate simpler but less orderlyB. Rules about Getting to the Floor 1. In the Housea. General procedures— bills reported from committee and goes to the bottom of the calendar b. “Suspension of the rules”2. In the Senatea. No special rules or various calendarsC. Rules about Amendments1. In the House a. Open—germane (relevant) amendments permittedb. Closed—no amendments permittedc. Modified—certain amendments allowed, other not2. In the Senate a. No firm rulesD. Rules about Floor Debate1. In the Housea. Rules Committee governs (generally 1 hour per bill) b. Powerful “traffic cop” role2. In the Senatea. Unanimous consent agreements b. Filibustersc. Cloture votesi. Need 3/5th votes to stop filibustersVII. ConclusionsA. Committees do much of the “heavy lifting” in CongressB. Lawmaking governed by formal rules and