PS 101 1st Edition Lecture 23 Outline of Last Lecture I. Constitutional FoundationsII. Nature of Presidential PowerIII. Evaluating Presidential PowerIV. White House OfficeV. A Brief DigressionVI. The President as LeaderVII. ConclusionsOutline of Current Lecture I. What are Bureaucracies?II. Organization of the U.S. Bureaucracy III. What do Bureaucrats Do?IV. Selecting Administrators V. Size of the Federal BureaucracyVI. Administrative PolicymakingVII. What’s a Congress to do?VIII. ConclusionsCurrent Lecture: The BureaucracyI. What are Bureaucracies?A. In general1. Large, complex organizations in which employees have very specific job responsibilities and work within a hierarchy of authorityB. In U.S. national government 1. Departments, agencies, bureaus, offices, and other units that administer the nation’s laws and policiesC. Administrators vs. Executives1. Executives are political heads of agencies elected or ap-pointed to initiate policies and supervise2. Administrators are appointed to the agencies to actually do the enforcing and implementing of policy D. Why Do We Need One?1. System is too complex and large for executives themselves to oversee everything2. Some implementation requires expertise E. Citizen PerceptionsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.1. Think of a bureaucracy people tend to like and one they tend to dislike? Which of these is easiest to generate and why?a. dislike the DMV- a long waitb. dislike the IRS- no one likes to pay taxesc. like the Post Office- delivers the things you orderF. Why Don’t People Like It?1. Seems inflexible 2. Too much “red tape”3. Concerns about wastefulness II. Organization of the U.S. BureaucracyA. Hierarchical1. Clear chain of commandB. Staff and line functions 1. Line functions = the agency’s actual jobs2. Staff functions = all the things that keep the agency going (hiring, firing, budgeting, etc.)C. Bureaucratic Units1. Departmentsa. Largest units of the executive branchb. Heads are Secretaries that form the President’s cabinet2. Independent Agenciesa. Are not part of a cabinet department b. Some (like the CIA) are controlled by the White Housec. Others (like the FCC) are regulatory commissions3. Government Corporationsa. Perform services that could conceivably be handled by the private sector, but where Congress believes the pub-lic would be better served if they are linked to gov-ernmentThe Executive:An Example— Agriculture:III. What Do Bureaucrats Do?A. Regulate1. A regulation is a government rule that affects the choices thatindividuals or corporations make 2. May allow or prohibit behavior, set out the conditions under which behavior can occur, or assess costs or grant benefits based on the behaviorB. How are regulations made?1. Notice and comment procedure2. Proposed regulation published in the Federal Register, and interested parties can commentC. Provide services1. Street-level bureaucrats work directly with the public 2. Job training, National Park Service worker, TSA, etc.D. Engage in research and development 1.Government employs many scientists who work in a variety of areas, both applied and basicE. Procurement1. Handling government purchases, from office supplies to mili-taryvehicles and managing government buildings and property 2. Often the focus of criticism about misuse of taxpayer moneyF. Managing and directing1. Supervising actions of people outside government (civilian contractors and private employees)Bureaucrats’ Job Descriptions:IV. Selecting AdministratorsA. Patronage/spoils system 1. Bureaucracy staffed by political supporters of the executiveB. Civil service system1. Jobs in the bureaucracy are given on the basis of merit, and workers can’t be fired for political reasonsC. What system does the U.S. use? 1. Top administrates chosen by the President (about 1%)2. All other by civil service rules D. Civil Service Regulations1. Re: partisan political activity a. Can’t lead fundraising efforts, make speeches, work for the party, hold party office, etc.2. Re: labor union participation a. May organize, but are not permitted to strikeV. Size of the Federal BureaucracyA. BudgetB. Size of departments and agencies differs widely 1. 600,000 for the Department of Defense2. 4,000 for the Department of EducationC. Departments differ in mission and scope 1. Though nearly all want to see their organization get funding and growEmployment by Department:Employment by Department:Compared to Other Democracies:Public Attitudes about Spending:VI. Administrative PolicymakingA. The typical process1. Congress passes a law about something, now it is the bureau-cracy’s to implement, and it has some leeway in deciding how to do soB. The dilemma 1. Will leeway in implementation result in the bureaucracy not doing what Congress or the President want?C. Development of administrative rules 1. More specific rules for implementing general policiesD. Use of administrative discretion 1. Over when to enforce policies and when to ignoreE. Bureaucratic drift 1. Over time, rules, discretion, etc. can lead policy to shiftF. Regulatory capture 1. Bureaucrats become beholden to the people they are sup-posed to regulate, rather than to the public welfareVII. What’s a Congress to Do?A. How can legislators rein in administrators? 1. Write very specific legislation to begin with2. Write additional legislation after the fact3. Use its “power of the purse”4. Maintain informal contactVIII. ConclusionsA. People don’t like bureaucracy, but there is no escaping itB. Rules in current system a response to corrections for corruptionin past, but may create their own issuesC. There’s potential for bureaucrats to implement in a way different than Congress or the President would have intended, but they too have