PS 101 1st Edition Lecture 22Outline of Last Lecture I. The BasicsII. The HouseIII. The SenateIV. New Representatives V. Racial and Ethnic Diversity VI. Members of CongressVII.Potential for Bipartisanship?Outline of Current Lecture I. Constitutional FoundationsII. Nature of Presidential PowerIII. Evaluating Presidential PowerIV. White House OfficeV. A Brief DigressionVI. The President as LeaderVII. ConclusionsCurrent Lecture: The PresidencyI. Constitutional FoundationsA. What were the framers thinking?1. Concerned about executive power—didn’t want a “king”2. But the Articles of Confederation failed in part because of the lack of a strongnational leaderB. What did they decide?1. To vest executive power in a President, who is both head of government and head of state2. Charged with implementation of legislationa. “he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed”C. Qualifications for Office1. Must be at least 35 years old2. U.S.-born citizen3. Have lived in the U.S. for a minimum of 14 years II. Nature of Presidential PowerA. Constitutional authority1. Powers derived from the provisions of the Constitutiona. Enumerated powers These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.b. Inherent powers inferred from the Constitution B. Statutory authority 1. Additional powers derived from laws enacted by Congress 2. Sometimes Congress gives the President expanded authority to deal with problems 3. Occasionally, Congress tries to rein the President back inC. What Can Presidents Do?1. Make appointmentsa. Ambassadors, senior bureaucrats, members of the federal judiciary(but Senate must confirm)b. Can dodge Senate approval through use of recess appointments2. Issue executive ordersa. Proclamations that change policy without congressionalapproval b. Often, Congress has already passed a law granting the President authority to issue order in an areac. Congress can always pass a law overturning the order3. Commander-in-Chief of the militarya. But Congress declares warb. Does this constrain presidential power much?4. Treaty-makinga. President negotiates treaties, Senate must approveb. But there are expedited processes, and the President has the first-mover advantagec. Executive agreements that act as a treaty (but are not called a treaty) do not require Senate approval5. Legislative powera. President can recommend policies through the State of the Union address b. Presidents and their staffs often work with legislators todevelop proposals c. President can veto6. Other stuff a. Power to pardonb. Ceremonial powers to convene and adjourn Congressc. Receives ambassadors from other countries III. Evaluating Presidential PowerA. Imperial or imperiled?B. Many focus on unilateral powers1. This makes the President look very powerfulC. All Presidents claim executive privilege 1. Right to keep executive branch conversations and correspondence confidential from other branchesD. But…1. Neustadt famously saida. “Presidential power is the power to persuade”2. Highlights importance of context and political skillE. The Executive Branch1. A big job—hundreds of thousands of employees!2. Several different organizations and groups of staff that handlethese responsibilities3. We’ll focus on:a. White House Officeb. Executive Office of the Presidentc. Vice Presidentd. President’s CabinetIV. White House OfficeA. The President’s personal staffers and key aides 1. Chief of Staff (Denis McDonough)2. National Security Advisor (Thomas Donilon)3. Communications Director (Jennifer Palmieri)B. What do they do? 1. Help the President to achieve political and policy goalsC. How do they get these jobs? 1. Often, long-standing associates of the President2. Lots of turnover, thoughD. Executive Office of the President1. The extended WH staff (White House Office is actually a part of the EOP)2. About 1800 employees! 3. Biggest entity is the Office of Management and Budget (OMB)4. Others include:www.whitehouse.gov/administration/eopE. Office of the Vice President1.Traditionally…a. Not an important advisor or confidante; selected to provide political or regional balance to the ticket2. In recent years... a. VPs have taken on more important and independent rolesb. Gore, Cheney, BidenF. The President’s Cabinet1. What is it?a. Heads of the major departments in the executive branchand a fewother key officials2. How are they chosen? a. A combination of loyalty and expertiseV. A Brief DigressionA. Presidential succession1. VP2. Speaker of the House3. Pres. Pro Tempore 4. Sec of State5. Sec of Treasury6. Sec of Defense7. Attorney General 8. Sec of Interior9. Sec of Agriculture10. Sec of Commerce11. Sec of Labor12. Sec of Health and Human Services13. Sec of Housing/Urban Development Sec of Transportation14. Sec of Transportation15. Sec of Energy16. Sec of Education17. Sec of Veterans Affairs18. Sec of Homeland SecurityB. Cabinet Myths and Realities1. The realitya. Meetings may not be that important to the Presidentb. Presidents do not often know they cabinet secretaries all that wellc. Growth of the White House staff and EOP has eroded cabinet powerVI. The President as LeaderA. Policy leadership1. The “lobbyist in chief”2. But ability to set the agenda does not = getting his wayB. Party leadership1. Informal leader and speaker for his party 2. Thought sometimes the party leadership does not “like” the particular president C. World leader 1. Role comes form being leader of a major superpowerD. Presidential Success1. Context matters a. Presidential approvalb. Divided or unified government2. Skill matters a. Must pick their battles and build coalitionsb. Effectiveness at “going public”3. Policy area mattersa. The “two presidencies” thesis—says the President usually gets more of what he wants on foreign policy than domestic policyb. Domestic vs foreign policyVII. ConclusionsA. “Presidency” extends well beyond the President B. Presidential powers have eclipsed what the framers envisionedC. But Presidents’ ability to act unilaterally often