PS 101 1st Edition Lecture 3Outline of Last Lecture I. What is Government-The Nature of Gov’t-Principle Purposes of Gov’tII. OrderIII. Public vs Private GoodsIV. EqualityV. Ideology-Communism- Socialism- Capitalism- LibertarianismOutline of Current Lecture I. Democracy -AutocracyII. Principles of Democracy III. Majority RuleIV. Requirements for DemocracyV. Models of Democracy-Majoritarians vs Pluralists ComparisonsCurrent LectureI. DemocracyA. Democracy is a system in which the people rule.1. “Democracy is the worst form of Government except for all those other forms that have been tried from time to time.” -Winston Churchill B. It is not an ideology, but the belief that it should be implemented is a component of many ideologies. C. It meets a number of specific criteria:1. ProceduralThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.2. Substantive D. The opposite of democracy is an autocracy.1. Autocracy is when the ruling authority imposes its values and policies on society regardless of the people’s wishes. There is no formal limitations on rulers to make pol-icy.2. It is a description of a system as it actually operates, and itcomes in a variety of ways. II. Principles of Democratic Government A. Popular Sovereignty1. The power to make political decisions is vested in all of the people rather than some or just one of them. B. Political Equality1. Each adult citizen has the same opportunity as every other adult citizen to participate in the political process.C. Popular Consultation1. Officials must have the way of learning people’s preferences, then, those preferences must be put into effect. D. Competition and Alternation in Power1. Having changes from time to time; elections.E. Majority Rule1. When there is a disagreement among the people, governmentshould choose the option preferred by the majority, regardless of what government officials think is right. III. More on Majority RuleA. Is unlimited majority rule compatible with democracy?1. The issue of the tyranny of the majorityB. What specific rules and policies in US policymaking give some veto power over the majority?1. Judicial review2. Requirement of “supermajorities” to pass constitutional amendments.C. Institutions for large-scale democracy1. Institutions are rules that have settled in for the long-haul.2. They are passed from generation to generation.IV. Requirements for Democracy A. Elected Officials1. Constitutionally set-up representative system with officials elected by people to make the decisions.B. Free, Fair, and Frequent Elections1. Frequent elections of officials, according to an agreed upon set of rules. 2. Coercion is uncommon. C. Freedom of Expression1. People can speak freely about government matters without fear of punishment.D. Associated Autonomy1. People can form groups freely (as long as they don’t break laws) and organize themselves into political parties and interest groups to promote their interests. E. Inclusive Citizenship1. No adult who meets citizenship requirements and abides by the law can’t be denied political rights.V. Models of DemocracyA. Models based on participation1. Participatory (assembly)a. All participate heavily in all stages of the process.b. It requires time, education, and a small geographic lo-cation2. Accountable Elites (representatives)a. People delegate responsibility to elected representa-tives.b. Representatives can be removed if the people judge them unaccountable. B. Models based on government structure1. Presidentiala. Separation of powers between executive and legisla-ture.b. Each is elected separately and has separate powers.2. Parliamentarya. Fusion of power between executive and legislature.b. Legislature appoints executive, and the executive is part of the legislature. C. Models based on decision processes1. Majoritariana. Classic textbook theory of democracyb. Government by “the people” means government by the majority of people. c. Citizens make their preferences known to elected offi-cials and directly monitor their behavior.i. A textbook citizen participates, makes informed decisions, has a coherent belief system, and adheres to basic principles, but this doesn’t match reality— raising the “Democratic Dilemma”.2. Pluralista. Government by “the people” means government by a multitude of groups. b. A response to shortcomings of majoritarianism.c. People form groups to advance their interests.d. Government is set up in a decentralized and open man-ner, so groups can communicate with government.i. Mass opinion can be misinformed and doesn’t nec-essarily reflect public interest because it doesn’t take into account minorities. ii. It isn’t always a problem for democracy, though, because group leaders are informed about politics.3. Comparisonsa. Building blocksi. Majoritarians- Individualsii. Pluralists- Groupsb. Centralization of governmenti. Majoritarians- Centralizationii. Pluralists- Decentralizationc. Conflicti. Majoritarians- Majority and minorityii. Pluralists- A lot of competing