PS 101 1st Edition Lecture 19Outline of Last Lecture I. Basics of LobbyingII. Do The Rules Work?-Abramoff ScandalIII. Inside Strategies-Direct lobbyingIV. Outside Strategies -Grassroots lobbying-Astroturf lobbying-ElectioneeringV. More on ElectioneeringVI. Some ConclusionsOutline of Current Lecture I. The Place of Congress-RepresentationII. Theories of Substantive Representation-Mandate Theory-Independence TheoryIII. Implications of the TheoriesIV. Some Debates About Representation-“Fenno’s Paradox”V. How Can We Reconcile This?VI. Why The Controversy? -GerrymanderingVII. Elections and AccountabilityVIII. ConclusionsCurrent Lecture: Legislative Behavior and RepresentationI. The Place of CongressA. What did the founders intend? 1. Congress as the “first branch”2. Logic behind bicameralismB. What has happened since then?1. Evolution in how they are selected and there has been a rise in powerC. What do citizens think about Congress?These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.1. They do not like Congress very much, although they tend to like their own Member of CongressD. Representation and Constituents1. What do we mean by “representation”? 2.Descriptive representationa. When a member of Congress shares the characteristics (race, gender, religion, ethnicity, etc.) of his or her constituents3. Substantive representationa. When a member of Congress represents constituents’ interests and policy concernsThe ConstituencyII. Theories of Substantive RepresentationA. Theory #1—Mandate Theory1. The role of representatives is to act as delegates 2. When faced with a decision, they should figure out what the majority of their constituents want and do that3. The rationale?a.”Thus, the people's deputies (elected representatives) are not, and could not be, its representatives; they are merely its agents; and they cannot decide anything finally.“ Jean-Jacques RousseauB. Theory #2—Independence Theory1. The role of representatives is to act as trustees 2.When faced with a decision,they should decide what is in the interest of their constituents3. This does not always = what constituents say they wanta. Constituents would be against raising taxes, but a trustee would know that if the bill is passed, the taxes would be beneficial (trustee offers judgement)4. The rationale?a."Your representative owes you, not his industry only, but his judgment; and he betrays instead of serving you if he sacrifices it to your opinion.“ Edmund BurkeIII. Implications of the TheoriesA. If legislators act as delegates...1. Policymaking will be highly pluralistic, reflecting bargainingamong lawmakers speaking for different constituencies B. If legislators act as trustees...1. There is no guarantee that policymaking will be majoritarian, but legislators willbe less closely tied to narrow interests of districts/statesC. Which Theory is Correct?1. Not cut-and-dried in real congressional life2. Many act as delegates at some times and trustees at others 3.Politicosare members of Congress who act as a delegate on issues that constituents care about and as a trustee on more complex or less salient issues IV. Some Debates about RepresentationA. Why do citizens love their representatives but hate Congress? 1. aka “Fenno’s Paradox”a. People believe their Member of Congress is doing a great job, but Congress as a whole is failingB. How can congressional districts be drawn in a fair way?1. Drawing of district lines is redone every ten years, issues about how they are decided C. How good can elections be at promoting responsiveness when so many incumbentswin?What Do Constituents Want?D. How Closely Do Constituents Monitor?1. About 1/3 can recall the name of their representative2. About 1/4 know the names of both of their senators3. Fewer can identify how their Member of Congress (MC) voted on a particular bill, or can identify something specific the member did for the districtE. But They Like Their MCs1. About half of people say they approve of the job their representative is doing2. This increases substantially for those represented by a cop artisan3. About 85-95% of MCs win their reelection bidsBut are Not Happy with CongressV. How Can We Reconcile This?A. Start with the electoral connection1. The idea that congressional behavior is centrally motivated bymembers’ desire for reelection2. Legislators behave as if constituents paid close attention to their actionsB. Engage in 1. Advertising2. Credit-claiming3. Positions-takingC. What Do Legislators Do in DC?1. Cast roll call votes2. Introduce, cosponsor, and amend legislation 3. Participate in their committees4. Engage in “casework” and constituency serviceD. Responsiveness vs. Responsibility1. Constituents like their representatives because they are responsive to theirconcerns2. But bodies of representatives and senators all demonstrating responsiveness to different districts/states means that national policymaking may be thwarted by gridlock and inaction3. Dual (and sometimes competing) roles—responsiveness to constituents andresponsibility for national policymakingE. Redistricting1. After the census (every 10 years), state legislatures or commissions are responsible for redrawing district boundaries to ensure that districts are relatively equal in population2. Population can shift within states or states may gain or lose seats due toreapportionmenta. House is held at 435 seats, so this is divvied up anew after every censusVI. Why the Controversy?A. The redistricting process can be used for political advantage B. This isgerrymanderingC. Types of Gerrymanders1. Partisan gerrymandering 2. Incumbent gerrymanders 3. Candidate gerrymanders 4. Racial gerrymandersD. Majority-Minority Districts1. Draw district lines to promote the election of minority candidates by creating districts in which they are the majorityE. Current Thinking1. Among political scientistsa. These districts increase the number of minorities elected, but maynot actually lead to better representation for minorities 2. By the Supreme Courta. Many districting plans have been struck down as violations of the Voting Rights Acta. Districting by race = racial segregationVII. Elections and AccountabilityA. The vast majority of incumbents are reelected B. Sources of incumbency advantage1. Incumbents have the privileges of office2. They have name