PS 101 1st Edition Lecture 2Outline of Last Lecture I. The Basics of PoliticsII. What is Political SciencesIII. Political Science Today-Divisions-What it is and is notIV. Political Science Professors-CareersOutline of Current Lecture I. What is Government-The Nature of Gov’t-Principle Purposes of Gov’tII. OrderIII. Public vs Private GoodsIV. EqualityV. Ideology-Communism- Socialism- Capitalism- LibertarianismCurrent LectureI. What is Government?A. Government is the system for implementing decisions made through the political process.B. It is the legitimate use of force to control human behavior… and the organization or agencies authorized to exercise that force.C. It is the body of people and institutions that make and enforce laws for a society.D. The Nature of Government:1. Government and the individual- this always means giving up some individual freedom.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.2. People submit to the government because of Thomas Hobbes’ ‘state of nature’, where he says that life would be “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short” if government wasn’t there to create order.E. Principle Purposes of Government1. Maintain orderi. Protect life and property.ii. It is reflected in the Declaration of Independence— “Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness”.2. Provide Public Goodi. Promote the general welfare 3. Promote Equalityi. This purpose is a relative latecomer to ideas about the purposes of government.4. Almost everyone agrees about these goals/values in the abstract, but there is a disagreement about how far government should go in providing them. When they conflict there are ideologies to reflect a set of coherent views on these matters.II. OrderA. Narrower View: Protection of life and property.B. Broader View: Includes social order— established patterns of authority in society and traditional modes of behavior.III. Public vs Private GoodsA. Public Goodsi. Beneficial to all of society but aren’t likely to be produced by voluntary acts.ii. As opposed to private goods, public goods are indivisible and cannot be satisfactorily provided by the market or private initiatives.iii. Provision of public goods requires cooperation or coercion by collective action or effective government.B. The “Free Rider Problem”i. Individuals can receive the benefit from a collective activity/public good whether or not they helped pay for it, leaving them with no incentive to contribute.ii. An example of this problem would be the case of clean air—It is public good and clean air cannot be divided. What can be done though, in regards to policies would be providing sanctions by the government through fines for companies who pollute too much. Also, there can be incentives through tax reductions, if, for example a company adopts a greener lifestyle. IV. EqualityA. Political1. One person, one vote, equal access to office.2. A formal, procedural definition.B. Social1. Equality in wealth, education, status, etc.2. A substantive definition.C. There is the questionregarding if government shouldpromote equality, what courseof action should be taken? Should it be equality of opportunity or equality of outcome?•In this picture, all three people have the same opportunity in the first half (same size box), but their outcomes are unfair. In the second half, their opportunities difference, but their outcomes are equal.V. IdeologyA. Ideology is a consistent set of values and beliefs about the proper purpose and scope of government. A set of ideas about what makesa good society and how to go about constructing it. B. Components of Ideology:1. Values—What is most important? What should government prioritize?2. Vision of Ideal Polity— What should government look like if organized the “best” way?3. A Conception of Human Nature— Is human nature basically good or bad? Are we rational or irrational?4. Strategies and Tactics for Action— How should goals be accomplished? What are acceptable bounds of action?C. Comparing Ideologies1. The “Spectrum” Approach2. Two Major Dimensionsi. The role of government in terms of individuals private lives.ii. The role of government in terms of economy.3. The two Extremesi. Anarchism— Government should do (almost) nothing.ii. Totalitarianism— Government should do (almost) everything.D. Communism1. Prescribes government ownership of the means of production and government control of the economy.2. In theory, it leaves personal life private, but in reality many “communist” governments veered towards totalitarianism. E. Socialism1. Broad role for government in the economy, including ownership of basic industries. 2.There is still private ownership and personal life is private.3. Most of Western Europe had or has a democratic socialist government.F. Capitalism1. Free enterprise and private ownership.2. Still some government regulation—for safety rules and work laws.3. Personal life is private. G. Libertarianism1. Government needs to exist to promote order, but is still seen as evil.2. Wants to limit government as much as possible.3. Government should protect life and property ONLY.H. In the US, ideology is a “fragment” - Louis Hartz. 1. Liberals typically support more government regulation of economic matters, but less of individuals’ behaviors.2. Conservatives typically support less government intervention in the economy, but support more regulation on individuals’