ANT 102 1st Edition Lecture 18Outline of Last Lecture I. In class videoOutline of Current Lecture I. Australopiths (Southern Apes)II. Gracile vs. robustIII. MorphologyCurrent LectureHomoninsAustralopiths (Southern Apes):Mostly eastern and southern AfricaEast Africa was the beginning of the human raceTwo genera: Australopithecus and parathropus Bipedal and arboreal characteristicsLarger back teeth, smaller front teeth400-450 cc cranial capacity (size of a chimp’s)Raymond Dart: Taung child (early 1920’s)Two basic types: gracile (skinny) and robust (heavy)Louis and Mary Leakey: power couple of paleontology, discovered multiple types of AustralopithsLucy: first to show bipedal humanGracile vs. robust:These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Australopithecus afarensis paranthropus robustusArboreal or bipedal?Morphology: Cranially-oriented scapular glenoidCurved phalangesLong toesEast Africa is slowly tearing away from Africa, in a few million years it will separate and bring fossils to the surfaceRaymond Dart’s Osteodonto-keratic Industry (“Killer Ape” hypothesis)He saw south African apes as blood-thirsty killers of each otherCountered by anthropologists that claim that they were probably all killed by the same predator, not by their own kindAnamensis morphology:Reduced, pointed caninesThick enamelAfricanus morphology:Beginning of the foreheadReduced caniniesBahrelghazali morphology:Thinning of the enamelGarhi morphology:Southern ape surpriseCanines and premolars similar to homoApe-like arms and legsSediba morphology:Tentative evidence that they may have inhabited or accessed a forested environmentSmall premolars and molarsGracile facial featuresModern precision gripRobusts (Eastern Apes):Paranthropus morphology:Wide, dish-shaped faceSagittal crest (bone Mohawk)Huge molarsTiny incisors and caninesThick enamel **from the neck down, gracile and robusts look the same. All differences are from the neck upHeavy grinding and chewing is the reason for the robust face, meant for chewing nuts and branches Large chewing muscle (temporalis muscle) is the reason for the wide face and sagittal crestAethiopicus morphology:The black skullFirst to have a joint sagittal crest and nuchal
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