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ISU ANT 102 - Primates
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ANT 102 1st Edition Lecture 12Outline of Last Lecture I. Norm of reactionII. Survival of the fittestIII. Reproductive strategies IV. What makes a mammal a primateOutline of Current Lecture I. Anthropoids and ProsimiansII. Comparison of different primatesCurrent LectureOrder: PrimatesTraditional categoriesAnthropoidsProsimians:Retain various primitive traitsNaked rhinarium (wet, cat-like nose)75% species nocturnalSmaller brainsLemurs and kin on Madagascar Indri, sifaka, aye-ayeUsed to be giant lemurs the size of gorillasBushbabies and lorises in Africa, AsiaThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Strepsirhine featuresTooth combRetain 3 premolars Grooming claw on second pedal digitPrognostic faceUnfused mandibleMoist rhinarium Haplorrhine featuresDry rhinsriumFully enclosed orbit (post-orbital wall in eye): bone around all parts of eye, small hole for nerves in backLoss of tapetum lucidumReduced rostrumRelatively larger brainFused frontal bone on cranium TarsiersSmall, mainly insect eatersDry noseNocturnal Feet have long tarsus bonesEight speciesFormerly widespread, now only Indonesia and PhilippinesAnthropoid featuresShort faceReduced olfactory sensesFull postorbital wallFused mandibleLarge brainsRound skullFull orbital convergencePlatyrrhines: new world monkeysOnly non-human primates native to the AmericasFlat nosedMainly arboreal, small bodiedMost long tails, some prehensileMany species monogamous2133 dental formulaHowler, spider, emperor tamarin, etc. Catarrhines: old world monkeys and apesAfrica and Asia Narrow noseMostly arboreal but also terrestrial speciesDiurnal with trichromatic color visionComplex social system2123 dental formulaTympanic tube between ear drum and outer earOld world monkeys: Africa, Asia, EuropeComplex social groupsQuadrupedal locomotionDiet is just about anythingHyper-terrestrial to arborealBaboons, mandrill, macaques, vervet, etc. ApesNo tailArms longer than legsArms free for full rotationSuspensory eatingBrachiation: swinging form from tree to tree (monkey bar style)Relatively upright postureShort trunkBroad chest: orthograde positional repertoireMolars: y-5 cusp pattern Gibbons:17 speciesSome skull and dental characteristicsMonogamous pair bondingFrugivorousLeast sexual dimorphism (no real difference in size between male and female)Primary locomotion: brachiation Orangutan:2 speciesMost arboreal of the great apesMost solitary of the great apes—one male, many female territoriesLargely frugivorious, occasionally folivorous/omnivorous Primary locomotion: quadrumanous (uses all four hands to move)Gorilla:2 speciesLargest of the great apesGreatest sexual dimorphism (huge difference in size between maleand female)One male, multiple femalesSpend most amount of time on the ground (besides humans)Primary locomotion: knuckle walkingChimps:1 speciesClosest living relative to humansMulti-male, multi-female groupsMostly frugivorous, but can be highly omnivorous (even eating meat)Most common tool-users next to humansBonobos1 speciesSmaller, more slight than chimpsMulti-male/female groups (**female dominated)Frugivorous (not as omnivorous as chimps)Use sex as a social tool to establish friendships/alliancesPrimary locomotion: knuckle


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