ANT 102 1st Edition Lecture 2Outline of Last Lecture I. VocabularyII. General notesIII. Important Peoplea. Focus on Charles Darwin’s worksOutline of Current Lecture I. VocabularyII. Factors that affect natural selectionIII. Medelian GeneticsCurrent LectureVocabulary:Macroevolution: development of new species*Microevolution: change in a population from generation to generation**difference between these two concepts is TIMEArtificial selection: purposely changing the makeup of something to work better for your uses (wild banana to domestic, sweet banana)Sexual selection: those more sexually appealing will have a better chance and opportunity to reproduceMendelian Genetics: concerned with patterns of inheritance*Population Genetics: study of changes in frequency of genes**basis for everything biology relatedGene: sequence of DNA code for a single traitThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Allele: variation of a geneHomozygous: same allele at the same genetic locus (HH, hh)Heterozygous: different alleles at the same genetic locus (Hh)Genotype: genetic makeup (SS, Ss, ss)Phenotype: expression of allele (tall, brown hair, blue eyes….)Evolution is observed from generation to generation, not in the individual, observed at a population levelThree necessary and sufficient conditions for natural selection:1. Variation in a trait (eye shape, hair color, etc.)2. Inheritance of trait3. Differential reproductive success based on that traitEvolution and Modern Medicine:Three modes of natural selection: Directional selection: environmental factors favor one extreme Stabilizing selection: environment favors the medianDistributive selection: environment favors multiple extremesAdaptation: result of long-lasting natural selectionPopulation based, not individual basedAlways comes with a price (gain experience, loss of specific skill)Difficulties with Darwin’s Concept:No working model of inheritanceCould only discuss evolution in terms of phenotype (physical traits)Age of Earth still unknown during his timeThese issues didn’t render his ideas false, but made it difficult to prove trueGregor Mendel (1822-1884)Augustinian monkExperiments with pea plants (trying to breed for certain traits)Results to experiment not accepted while he was aliveMedelian Genetics: Principle of segregation: sex cells (gametes) contain one of each pair of allelesPrinciple of independent assortment: distribution of one pair of alleles doesn’t influencethe distribution of another pairFoundation of modern genetics Mendel’s First Principle: SegregationGenes occur in pairsDuring gamete production, homologous alleles separate into different gametes Mendel’s Second Principle: Independent AssortmentOne thing doesn’t affect the inheritance of others**not all evolution is because of natural