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ISU ANT 102 - What Makes Us Human?
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ANT 102 1st Edition Lecture 10Outline of Last Lecture I. Ring SpeciesII. Extinction vs. Mass ExtinctionIII. Gradual EvolutionIV. Living FossilsV. Linnaean TaxonomyOutline of Current Lecture I. CladogramII. What makes us humanIII. Bipedalism Current LectureEXAM next Thursday:40 points: multiple choice, TF, matchingStudy guide uploaded by FridayCovering chapters 1-5Review session TBACladisticsPrimitive characteristics, even though homologous, do not help sorting relationshipsCladogramThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.What makes us human?Important physical and behavioral characteristics of homo sapiensAdaptations: benefit must outweigh the cost Cooperative behavior: working together to better the groupCulture: the means by which humans have been able to colonize the worldMaterial culture: tools, tool manufacture and useLanguage: uniquely used in humans as a form of communicationWords are arbitrary (cat means the same thing to you and me onlybecause we speak the same language)A big problem with human evolution and biology:Cultural behavior is so integrated that it is often difficult to separate cultural differences and variations from the underlying biological and psychological commonalities that all humans shareCommitted bipedalism: walking on two feetMore efficient locomotion for long distancesFrees up forelimbs (arms) for other activistsVery particular musculoskeletal adaptations Spinal curvature s shaped spineLarge lumbar vertebraeBowl shaped pelvisLarge femur (largest and heaviest)Valgus angleCosts of bipedalism Spinal deformities and lower back issuesSlow locomotionLarge brainsHuge cranial capacityLarge expansion in the neocortexAssociated with abstract thoughts and higher order reasoningExtended childhood and adolescence to allow for more time for brain growth anddevelopmentCostsMetabolically expensiveTrade off: big brain, small gutThe combination of large brained babies and being bipedal makes giving birth extremely difficult and dangerousHuman women have different shaped hips compared to men because of this Technically, women should carry for 12 months, we give birth prematurely to make the birthing easier for the mother (hence baby’s soft spot)Childbirth is deadly, but evolution has fixed it to the point where itis bearableSex and reproductionSome species physically show when they are ovulatingUnlike other mammals, women do not live long beyond parenting years (menopause) Except for the grandparent theory: people live long to watch grandchildren to grow upReduced sexual dimorphism and grackle skeletonSignificant reduction in canine sizeReduction of body size in men and womenLack of many secondary sexual characteristics (broad shoulders, wide hips)Paedomorphism: retention of juvenile traits into


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