ANT 102 1st Edition Lecture 1 Outline of Last Lecture Outline of Current Lecture I. VocabularyII. General notesIII. Important Peoplea. Focus on Charles Darwin’s worksCurrent LectureVocabulary:Culture: the sum of beliefs that are shared, learned and socially transmitted in society. Ethnography: the holistic qualitative research involved in a practiced cultural group or phenomenonEvolution: change over time; a change of population of organisms from one generation to the next; the change in allele frequencies (genetics, DNA) in a population from one generation to the nextScience: the process of investigating for an increase in knowledge and understanding of the natural worldScientific theory: multiple hypotheses tested again and again and finally “graduated” from an idea to a concept that can be defended with evidenceFact: indisputable*Theory: system/idea that explains a phenomenon**Fact and theory are different from each other, they are NOT mutually exclusivePaleontology: study of ancient (extinct) lifeThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Paleoanthropology: study of ancient humans; combination of paleontology, biological anthropology, and archeology Natural selection: the gradual process by which heritable biological traits become either more or less common in a populationAnthropos: human (split into four main groups)Notes: 4 main groups:1. Cultural: study of cultural practices in society 2. Linguistic: the study of nature of the human language and how it relates to culture and behavior3. Archaeology: the study of culture and life ways of past societies by way of artifacts4. Biological/Physical: the study of humans as biological organisms with a focus ona. Primate behaviorb. Genetics c. Morphology (the study of anatomical shape, or grouping together based on similarity in bone structure)Evolution is the single unifying theme of biological anthropologyScience and God:God is not a testable hypothesis and too general of an explanation Science is by necessity atheistic, but not inherently antitheistic (you can believe in God and still practice science, you simply cannot use God’s existence as an indisputable reason for the natural world)Important People:Plato (427-347 BC)Knowledge and truth intuitiveTheory of formsEssentialism (universe essentially in its perfect form, everything that is is in its best state)Aristotle (384-322 BC)“Father of Natural Science”Scala Naturae (Great Chain of Being)Ptolemy (127-145 AD)Geocentric universe (everything revolves around Earth)Adoption by the ChurchEach species is perfect and unchangingGod created humans above animals (angels higher than humans, God is the highest)Two scientific obstacles to developing the theory of evolution:1. Fixity of species2. Young age of the EarthKey players of evolutionary thought:Archbishop James Ussher (1581-1656)Earth was created on Sunday, October 23, 4004 BC at 9:00amJohn Locke (1634-1704)Known for his philosophy, politics, government, theology, religionArgument from Design Complexity of organismsRobert Hooke (1635-1703)First to identify cells (coined the term “cells”)One of the first people to demonstrate the idea that fossils are remains of organismsCarolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)Systema Naturae (hierarchical classification of life)First to group humans and apes togetherNot quite an evolutionist, but closeEverything is considered “Devine Development”God is the engineerClassification based on structure of bones, not functionJames Hutton (1729-1797)“Father of Modern Geology”UniformitarianismGeorges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon (1707-1788)Where do new types of animals come from?Why do species go extinct?Known for his work on the “unity of type” and “degeneration”Cooling body experiment Earth must be 3-4 billion years old based on how it has cooledGeorges Cuvier (1769-1832)French scientistFounder of scientific paleontologyDiscovered evidence of change in fossil recordsCatastrophism: catastrophes lead to new species/migrationWilliam Paley (1743-1805)Clergyman and philosopherTheory of Intelligent Creator: a man walking along the beach comes across a pocket watch and begins to investigate it. He notes the intricate, small working pieces within the watch and how without every gear in exactly the right place, the watch would never work on its own.The same goes for humans; without every organ working exactly the rightway along with every other organ in the body, we would never survive as a species. Therefore, there must be an intelligent maker (God) that created us in just the right way to thrive. Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829)First to create a comprehensive scientific theory of evolutionTwo laws involved in his theory: 1. Use it or lose it (use the traits you have, or they will slowly disappear as generations pass)2. Useful characteristics will be passed on (traits that are not necessary will not be passed on to younger generations**Lamarck got chewed out for the many holes in his theoryCharles Lyell (1797-1875)Focused on Hutton’s uniformitarianism Earth must be very oldAmount of time required for geological forces to create Earth’s features calls for more time than the Bible claimsThomas Malthus (1766-1834)Populations have the capacity to increase exponentiallyThis leads to war, famine, disease, etc.Natural populations are kept in check by force which kills some members of the population**Mid 19th Century**Charles Darwin (1809-1882)Focused on the theory of evolution based on natural selectionTook a long time to find his niche (spent a lot of time as a minister,doctor, etc.)Signed on HMS Beagle as chief science officer/naturalist1831: Beagle set sail1836: return of Beagle1837: Darwin begins notes on transmutation of species1842: developed sketch of species theory1844: essay on species theory1846: studies barnacles1856: begins writings that lead to “Origin of Species”Observations that lead to Darwin’s discovery:Galapagos Islands Adaptations of species on the islands (beak shape and purpose, etc.)Fossil remains of extinct animalsOrganisms changeEarth is too old and change takes timePopulation kept in check by outside population controlDarwin’s 5 theories of evolution:1. Species change2. All organisms share common ancestry3. Evolution is gradual4. Evolution leads to speciation5. Evolution occurs through natural selectionAlfred Russell Wallace