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ISU ANT 102 - Exam 1 Study Guide
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ANT 102 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 – 10What is anthropology? What are the four different subfields and how does each contribute to the understanding of human biology and behavior?Study of human evolution4 main groups:1. Cultural: study of cultural practices in society 2. Linguistic: the study of nature of the human language and how it relates to culture and behavior3. Archaeology: the study of culture and life ways of past societies by way of artifacts4. Biological/Physical: the study of humans as biological organisms with a focus ona. Primate behaviorb. Genetics c. Morphology (the study of anatomical shape, or grouping together based on similarity in bone structure)What is the scientific method, what are its principles, and how does it operate? What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory? Atheory and a fact? How are they related to one another?Scientific theory: multiple hypotheses tested again and again and finally “graduated” from an idea to a concept that can be defended with evidenceFact: indisputable*Theory: system/idea that explains a phenomenon**Fact and theory are different from each other, they are NOT mutually exclusiveThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Who were the major players in the development of scientific knowledge that lead to developing modern theories of evolution? Whowas particularly influential to Darwin? Archbishop James Ussher (1581-1656)Earth was created on Sunday, October 23, 4004 BC at 9:00amJohn Locke (1634-1704)Known for his philosophy, politics, government, theology, religionArgument from Design Complexity of organismsRobert Hooke (1635-1703)First to identify cells (coined the term “cells”)One of the first people to demonstrate the idea that fossils are remains of organismsCarolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)Systema Naturae (hierarchical classification of life)First to group humans and apes togetherNot quite an evolutionist, but closeEverything is considered “Devine Development”God is the engineerClassification based on structure of bones, not functionJames Hutton (1729-1797)“Father of Modern Geology”UniformitarianismGeorges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon (1707-1788)Where do new types of animals come from?Why do species go extinct?Known for his work on the “unity of type” and “degeneration”Cooling body experiment Earth must be 3-4 billion years old based on how it has cooledGeorges Cuvier (1769-1832)French scientistFounder of scientific paleontologyDiscovered evidence of change in fossil recordsCatastrophism: catastrophes lead to new species/migrationWilliam Paley (1743-1805)Clergyman and philosopherTheory of Intelligent Creator: a man walking along the beach comes across a pocket watch and begins to investigate it. He notes the intricate, small working pieces within the watch and how without every gear in exactly the right place, the watch would never work on its own. The same goes for humans; without every organ working exactly the rightway along with every other organ in the body, we would never survive as a species. Therefore, there must be an intelligent maker (God) that created us in just the right way to thrive. Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829)First to create a comprehensive scientific theory of evolutionTwo laws involved in his theory: 1. Use it or lose it (use the traits you have, or they will slowly disappear as generations pass)2. Useful characteristics will be passed on (traits that are not necessary will not be passed on to younger generations**Lamarck got chewed out for the many holes in his theoryCharles Lyell (1797-1875)Focused on Hutton’s uniformitarianism Earth must be very oldAmount of time required for geological forces to create Earth’s features calls for more time than the Bible claimsThomas Malthus (1766-1834)Populations have the capacity to increase exponentiallyThis leads to war, famine, disease, etc.Natural populations are kept in check by force which kills some members of the population**Mid 19th Century**Charles Darwin (1809-1882)Focused on the theory of evolution based on natural selectionTook a long time to find his niche (spent a lot of time as a minister,doctor, etc.)Signed on HMS Beagle as chief science officer/naturalist1856: begins writings that lead to “Origin of Species”Observations that lead to Darwin’s discovery:Galapagos Islands Adaptations of species on the islands (beak shape and purpose, etc.)Fossil remains of extinct animalsOrganisms changeEarth is too old and change takes timePopulation kept in check by outside population controlDarwin’s 5 theories of evolution:1. Species change2. All organisms share common ancestry3. Evolution is gradual4. Evolution leads to speciation5. Evolution occurs through natural selectionAlfred Russell Wallace (1823-1913)Independently theorized natural selection1855: writes paper (covering Darwin’s idea of common ancestry)1858: Darwin and Wallace give a joint paper on species origins to Linnaean Society1859: Darwin continues research, Wallace stops What were Darwin’s 5 theories of evolution? How does natural selection operate? What are its necessary and sufficient conditions? What are the different modes of selection? What are sexual and artificial selection? Darwin’s 5 theories of evolution:1. Species change2. All organisms share common ancestry3. Evolution is gradual4. Evolution leads to speciation5. Evolution occurs through natural selectionThree necessary and sufficient conditions for natural selection:1. Variation in a trait (eye shape, hair color, etc.)2. Inheritance of trait3. Differential reproductive success based on that traitDirectional selection: environmental factors favor one extremeStabilizing selection: environment favors the medianDistributive selection: environment favors multiple extremesSexual selection: those more sexually appealing will have a better chance and opportunity to reproduceArtificial selection: purposely changing the makeup of something to work better for your uses (wild banana to domestic, sweet banana)What is the difference between Mendelian and population genetics? How did Mendel contribute to modern understandings of genetics? What are his principles? How did his discovery enhance understandingsof Darwinian natural selection? Mendelian Genetics: concerned with patterns of inheritance*Population Genetics: study of changes in frequency of


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