ANT 102 1st Edition Lecture 15Outline of Last Lecture I. ALA 7II. CooperationIII. Defense ModelsIV. Relationship BondsOutline of Current Lecture I. Primate brain sizeII. Language and communicationIII. Seyfarth and Cheney: VervetsIV. Social learningCurrent LectureWhy do primates have large brains?Why do humans have exceptionally large brains?Tool use: requires conceptualization, planning, learningDocumented in 18 species, not all primatesLanguage and communicationNo real language except for humansCooperative huntingSocial behaviorPrimates have complex, stratified social relationshipsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Requires memory, learning, creativity, evaluation of motivesDunbar’s social brain hypothesislarger brains and heightened intelligence in primates develop as a means of surviving and reproducing in large and complex situations examples of primate social intelligenceSeyfarth and Cheney: Vervetsrecorded infant screams and played them to all females in the social groupfemales all looked to the mother of the screaming infantintentional states or advanced theory of mindtheory of mind: the ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others, and the recognize that other individuals have feelings, ideas, and perspectives differ from their ownlevel 1: “I believe this” (maximum for monkeys)level2: “I believe….Social learningBandura’s social learning theory: people learn from one another via observation, imitation, and modelingNecessary cognitive conditionsAttention: focus on another’s actionsRetention: remembering what was focused onReproduction: ability to duplicateMotivation: reason to rememberInbreeding avoidance:Mating between close relatives are very rare in non-human primatesDispersal has a high costs, but that is outweighed by cost of remaining in natal groupsPhysiological and sensory cues that further inhibit inbreedingHuman behavior universals:Facial expressions: cannot be faked (really, they can’t!) and are the same across culturesFacial muscles: 43 muscles in the human face (more than chimps)Not entirely sure how many muscles it takes to smile or frownCrying: expresses severe physical and emotional distress, the “emergency alarm” of human social behaviors Laughing: expressing joy or humor (sometimes stress), you laugh more in social circumstances (especially when surrounded by close friends)Music and singing: unsure of its origin, but may be closely linked with the development of languageLanguage: used to solve