ANT 102 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Be familiar with the following primate groups and their characteristics:Strepsirrhines -Tooth Comb- Retain 3 premolars- Grooming claw on second pedal digit- Prognostic face- Unfused mandible-Moist rhinariumTarsiers- Small, mainly insect eaters- Dry nose- Nocturnal- Feet have long tarsus bones- Eight species- Formerly widespread, now only Indonesia and PhilippinesHaplorrhines- Dry rhinarium- Fully enclosed orbit (post-orbital wall in eye): bone around all parts of eye, small holefor nerves in back- Reduced rostrum- Relatively larger brain- Fused frontal bone on cranium- Loss of tapetum lucidemPlatyrrhines (New World Monkey)- Only non-human primates native to the Americas- Flat nosed- Mainly arboreal, small bodiedThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Most long tails, some prehensile- Many species monogamous- 2133 dental formula- Howler, Spider, Emperor Tamarin, etc.Catarrhines (Old World Monkeys and Apes)- Africa and Asia- Narrow nose- Mostly arboreal but also terrestrial species- Diurnal with trichromatic color vision- Complex social system- 2123 dental formula- Tympanic tube between ear drum and outer earAnthropoids- Short face- Reduced olfactory senses- Full postorbital wall- Fused mandible- Large brains- Round skull- Full orbital convergenceHominoids (Apes)- No tail- Arms longer than legs- Arms free for full rotation- Suspensory eating- Brachiation (Swinging form from tree to tree-monkey bar style)- Relatively upright posture- Short trunk- Broad chest (Orthograde positional repertoire)- Molars: y-5 cusp patternHominins - 6-8 ma where human and chimps split. Everything from the split are hominins. New World MonkeysOld World Monkeys- Africa, Asia, Europe- Complex social groups- Quadrupedal Locomotion- Diet is just about anything- Hyper-terrestrial to arboreal- Baboons, Mandrill, Macaques, Vervet, etc.Be familiar with the characteristics and importance of the following:Plesiadapiforms- More than 135 species in 11 families- First (decent) evidence from 65 Ma and persisting well into the Eocene until 37 Ma- Long grasping fingers and other primatelike arboreal traits (Carpolestes divergent big toe with nail)- Dentition is primate-like- Most likely candidate for earliest ancestors of primatesAdapiforms- Earliest “true” (confirmable) primates- Eocene through Oligocene- Very strong strepsirrhine characteristicsOmomyids- Eocene through Oligocene- Very similar to living tarsiersAegyptopithecus- One species – A. zeuxis- Known exclusively from Fayum- Has very primitive but generalized catarrhine characteristicsProconsul -still retains a primitive, abovebranch quadrupedal body plan seems to have lost its tail shares a few derived features with living apes related to suspensory locomotion-Earliest ape in fossil record but still has some characteristics that are not ape likeOuranopithecus- Known from Greece- Similar cranium to African apes- No known fossil gorillas and only a few fossil chimpanzee teeth- Most likely ancestor for gorillas and chimps. Dryopithecus - Best known of the Eurasian Miocene hominoids- Exhibits suspensory adaptations similar to modern apes- Probably ancestral to living great apes (and maybe lesser apes too)- Ortho grade, long arms, short legs- Earliest example of arboreal apeAustralopithecus africanus and afarensis -Gracile [ afarenisis ]- Hadar, Ethiopia; Laetoli, Tanzani- East Africa-Hadar: wet, wooded-Laetoli: dry and open?-4.0-2.8 MaMorphology: General-375-500c.c.-pneumatized mastoid-compound sagittal-nuchal crest-large procumbent incisors-prognathic faceMorphology: Arboreal-cranially-oriented scapular glenoid-curved phalanges-long toes-high intermembral indexMorphology: Terrestrial-anteriorly placed, downward direct foramen magnum-distinct foot arch-distinct valgus angle [ africanus ]-gracile-South Africa- 3.5-2.5 Ma (older?)- Wet habitat with bush and small tree cover- Diet of fruit and leavesMorphology-400-500 c.c.-more globular, less pneumatized cranium-beginnings of a forehead-Less prognathic than afarensis-reduced caninesParanthropus robustus and boisei -Robust-Wide,dish-shaped face-Orthognathic-Sagittal crest; anteriorly placed-Huge molars- Big, molariform premolars- Tiny incisors and canines- Thick enamel-Fortified mandible (All for heavy grinding and chewing- Mastication, chewing muscles) [ robustus ] -South Africa-Swartkrans, Kromdraai,-2.0-1.5 Ma-Habitat : Dry grasslands, Riverine system-530 c.c.[ boisei ] -East Africa-East Turkana, Kenya; Olduvai, Tanzania; Konso, Ethiopia -2.2- 1.0 Ma-Habitat: Riverine system and gallery forest-500-550 c.c.-More robust than robustusHomo habilis and rudolfensis Taung Child – Australopithecus africanus: Southern ape of AfricaPiltdown Man – Fake. Parts of human skull and part of orangutan jaw with chimpanzee teeth and fabricated plastic parts.Be familiar with the importance of, or important information regarding, the following sites:Fayum - A number of fossil primate. Plattarhine and cataarrineHadar- Lucy (First Austrophith gracile) bipedal Laetoli- Where the footprints were foundBe familiar with the characteristics of the following tool technologies:Oldowan - tool use (before the first homo): purposely using one rock to sharpen another into a point (traditionally used as a scavenging tool, not hunting), used for cutting meat, scraping wood and grass stems, etc.Be informed of the following issues:The general pattern of evolutionary trends in hominins – in particular, bipedality and brain size- Bigger brains- More efficient bipeds/less efficient arboreals- Decreased sexual dimorphism- Smaller canines- Smaller teeth overall- Gracile cranial morphologyWhat are some theories about the origin of bipedality? What are some important bipedal anatomical characteristics?- Crania : changes reflect changes in cranial capacity (c.c. – brain size) and dietary adaptations (chewing, etc.)- Postcrania: everything else below the neck– reflect changes in positional repertoire (bipedality)- Lumbar curvature- Vertebrae are short and broad / increase in size from neck to pelvis- Short, Broad, bowl-shaped pelvis- Valgus angle- Broad femoro-tibial (knee) joint- Ankle restricted to flexion-extension- Double-arched foot- Long metatarsals and hallux; Large calcaneus- Short pedal phalanges and non-opposable halluxOrigin