ANT 102 1st Edition Lecture 14Outline of Last Lecture I. ALA 6 Outline of Current Lecture I. ALA 7II. CooperationIII. Defense ModelsIV. Relationship BondsCurrent LecturePrimate BehaviorALA 7Evolution of cooperationWhat features define a group?Characteristics of a social group:Spatial and temporal proximityCoordination of activitiesRecognition of group membersGreater tolerance, communication, interaction, cooperation among groupmembers compared to non-group membersSocial RelationshipsAffiliated behavior: friendly behavior that promotes strong and friendly social bondsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Agonistic behavior: unfriendly behavior, aggressionGrooming: cleaning one another’s fur. In primates, this is a strong affiliate behavior, and is often used to maintain alliances and establish status. What are the benefits of living in a social group?Food access (Wrangham’s Resource Defense Model)More eyes looking for resourcesBetter able to defend resourcesDecreased predation (van Shalik’s Predation Defense Model)More eyes and ears to detect predatorsMob deterrenceIncreased access to matesCooperation in rearing offspringWhat are the costs to living in a social group?Increased competition for food and resourcesIncreased competition for matesIncreased risk of predationIncreased exposure to disease and parasitesAlarm calling: animal calling puts itself in the position to be attacked by the predator Kin selection: natural selection that favors the reproductive success and fitness of close relatives, even to the cost of an individual’s future reproductive success. Inclusive fitness: the sum of an individual’s reproductive success through its offspring, plus its influence on its relatives’ reproductive success, devalued in the proportion to the degree of relatedness of the relativeCombination of:Direct fitness (individual’s fitness) and indirect fitness (fitness gained through relatives)Hamilton’s Rule: rb>cR: degree of relatedness of actor to recipientB: benefit of behavior to recipient C: cost of behavior to actorKin selection explains:Sibling nanniesAlarm callsEusociality among naked mole ratsBrothers teaming up to take over the pride (brother cuckoldry)Mother-offspring bondMost important bond in a primate’s lifeLong period of development during which offspring is completely dependent on motherExperience first social interactions through motherWhy is it useful to have a system of dominance?Stabilizes relationship within a groupReduces fightingReduces injurySaves energyEnsures the survival of dominant