HIST 1311 1st Edition Lecture 14 Jackson and the Indians B C 1 Americans viewed Native Americans east of the Mississippi as hindering westward expansion 2 After the War of 1812 the government pressured Native Americans to move west of the Mississippi a This produced factionalism and conflict within the tribes 3 Jackson s policy emphasized aggressively moving all Native Americans west of the Mississippi a The Indian Removal Act gave him authority to force Native American tribes to relocate b He employed military force against the Sauks c He refused to take action in behalf of Georgia s Cherokees despite the Supreme Court s decision in Worcester v Georgia d Cherokee take the United States to the Supreme Court e Jackson s administration negotiated with a minority faction of the Cherokees to obtain title to all remaining Cherokee land east of the Mississippi Treaty of New Echota f The government forcibly moved most of the Five Civilized Tribes west of the Mississippi Trail of the Tears g Part of the Seminole tribe went to war and successfully resisted forcible relocation Florida Jackson and the West 1 Political calculation guided Jackson on the issue of federal support for internal improvements a He vetoed the Maysville Road bill to block Clay benefit his own state and retain support in the East 2 He backed very low prices for public land The Nullification Crisis 1 South Carolina led the South s opposition to protective tariffs after passage of the Tariff of Abominations a Calhoun s South Carolina Exposition and Protest argued for the right of a state to nullify federal acts John C Calhoun b Nullify federal laws that don t seem right 2 Jackson opposed the doctrine of nullification a Following South Carolina s decision to nullify the tariff he sent warships and reinforced federal forts there b He asked Congress to enact the Force Bill 3 Resolution of the crisis These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute a D Congress passed a lower tariff and South Carolina rescinded its nullification of the previous tariff b South Carolina nullified the Force Bill but Jackson did not respond to this provocation Jackson and the Bank War 1 Many Americans disliked the Second Bank of the United States a Many saw it as benefiting the wealthy only b State bankers believed it exerted excessively restrictive control c Speculators and debtors preferred instability to the financial stability it brought d Jackson s views banks favor the richer then the poor Get rid of the main and have state banks 2 Congress approved its recharter in 1832 rather than wait until 1836 a Clay and Webster hoped thereby to embarrass Jackson 3 Jackson went to war against the bank 1 His recharter veto was immensely popular 2 To weaken the bank he ordered all federal funds withdrawn and fired two Treasury secretaries who refused to do so 3 Treasury Secretary Taney withdrew funds to pay current bills and deposited new funds in pet banks Rodger B Taney 4 Rodger became the Chief Justice of Supreme Court who writes the decision of Davison and dies in 1864 5 Andrew Jackson wins and the bank is under This ruins the economy and America is in depression for five years 2 The bank fought back a Its president Nicholas Biddle called in loans from state banks and raised interest rates b Economic instability increased as a result The Great Transformation 1815 1840 I The Transportation Revolution A Extending the Nation s Roads 1 Both government and private enterprise embarked on road building projects following the War of 1812 2 By 1838 the National Road reached Illinois a At the same time a series of roads were beginning to emerge into a national transportation network 3 Shipping costs however remained high B A Network of Canals 1 The new roads linked rural America to an expanding network of waterways that made inexpensive long distance freight hauling possible 2 Pennsylvania built the Main Line canal system 3 Canal construction boomed through the 1830s a States granted monopolies to canal building companies b C II Nearly every state in the North and West undertook canal building between 1820 and 1840 Steam Power 1 Steam power made upstream travel economical 2 Steam ships allow you to go up a river and down a river 3 Faster way of transport is railroad mostly in the north and not many in the south because Slaves could escape more easily a In 1807 Robert Fulton demonstrated that ships could be powered by steam b Henry M Shreve pioneered in developing a steamship for the shallower waters of western rivers 4 Development of the steam powered railroad began in the late 1820s a The railroad did not overtake canal based transportation in importance until the 1850s D Information Revolution 1 The revolution in transportation produced a revolution in the transmission of information a Newspapers and magazines increased dramatically in numbers 2 Samuel F B Morse perfected the electric telegraph in 1836 E Legal Anchors for New Business Enterprise 1 In Dartmouth College v Woodward 1819 Marshall ruled that state legislatures could not alter contracts 2 In McCulloch v Maryland 1819 the Court ruled that states could not tax federal institutions 3 In Gibbons v Ogden 1824 Marshall ruled that the federal government was superior to state governments in matters of interstate commerce commerce between states The New Cotton Empire in the South A A New Birth for the Slavery System 1 Slavery revived as a result of the shift to cotton a Plantation owners achieved impressive annual profits of between 8 and 10 percent b The demand for slave labor led to a large interstate trade in slaves c Slaves were a major capital investment 2 In addition to cotton field labor slave occupations included service in homes and in non field work a Slave artisans in cities formed guilds leading to the legal restrictions imposed on them at the demand of white artisans B Living Conditions for Southern Slaves 1 While keeping their costs as low as possible owners provided generally adequate conditions a Housing was not crowded but it was very simple b Clothing was basic c Food was adequate and slaves received more meat than did northerners 2 Diseases related to dietary deficiencies and to working and living conditions abounded a C D E These afflicted whites to the same degree when similar conditions were present 3 Slaves were the first to suffer when owners were not doing well economically A