HIST 1311 1st Edition Lecture 14Jackson and the Indians 1. Americans viewed Native Americans east of the Mississippi as hindering westward expansion. 2. After the War of 1812, the government pressured Native Americans to move west of the Mississippi. a. This produced factionalism and conflict within the tribes. 3. Jackson’s policy emphasized aggressively moving all Native Americans west of the Mississippi. a. The Indian Removal Act gave him authority to force Native American tribes to relocate. b. He employed military force against the Sauks. c. He refused to take action in behalf of Georgia’s Cherokees, despite the Supreme Court’s decision in Worcester v. Georgia. d. Cherokee take the United States to the Supreme Court. e. Jackson’s administration negotiated with a minority faction of the Cherokees to obtain title to all remaining Cherokee land east of the Mississippi (Treaty of New Echota). f. The government forcibly moved most of the Five Civilized Tribes west of the Mississippi. Trail of the Tears.g. Part of the Seminole tribe went to war and successfully resisted forcible relocation. (Florida)B. Jackson and the West 1. Political calculation guided Jackson on the issue of federal support for internal improvements. a. He vetoed the Maysville Road bill to block Clay, benefit his own state, and retain support in the East. 2. He backed very low prices for public land. C. The Nullification Crisis 1. South Carolina led the South’s opposition to protective tariffs after passage of the Tariff of Abominations. a. Calhoun’s South Carolina Exposition and Protest argued for the right of astate to nullify federal acts. (John C. Calhoun) b. Nullify federal laws that don’t seem right. 2. Jackson opposed the doctrine of nullification. a. Following South Carolina’s decision to nullify the tariff, he sent warships and reinforced federal forts there. b. He asked Congress to enact the Force Bill. 3. Resolution of the crisis: These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a. Congress passed a lower tariff, and South Carolina rescinded its nullification of the previous tariff. b. South Carolina nullified the Force Bill, but Jackson did not respond to this provocation. D. Jackson and the Bank War 1. Many Americans disliked the Second Bank of the United States. a. Many saw it as benefiting the wealthy only. b. State bankers believed it exerted excessively restrictive control. c. Speculators and debtors preferred instability to the financial stability itbrought. d. Jackson’s views: banks favor the richer then the poor. Get rid of the main and have state banks. 2. Congress approved its recharter in 1832, rather than wait until 1836. a. Clay and Webster hoped thereby to embarrass Jackson. 3. Jackson went to war against the bank. 1. His recharter veto was immensely popular.2. To weaken the bank, he ordered all federal funds withdrawn (and fired two Treasury secretaries who refused to do so). 3. Treasury Secretary Taney withdrew funds to pay current bills and deposited new funds in "pet" banks. (Rodger B. Taney) 4. Rodger became the Chief Justice of Supreme Court who writes the decision of Davison and dies in 1864. 5. Andrew Jackson wins and the bank is under. This ruins the economy and America is in depression for five years. 2. The bank fought back. a. Its president, Nicholas Biddle, called in loans from state banks and raised interest rates. b. Economic instability increased as a result. The Great Transformation, 1815-1840I. The Transportation Revolution A. Extending the Nation’s Roads 1. Both government and private enterprise embarked on road-building projects following the War of 1812. 2. By 1838, the National Road reached Illinois. a. At the same time, a series of roads were beginning to emerge into a national transportation network. 3. Shipping costs, however, remained high. B. A Network of Canals 1. The new roads linked rural America to an expanding network of waterways that made inexpensive long-distance freight hauling possible. 2. Pennsylvania built the Main Line canal system. 3. Canal construction boomed through the 1830s. a. States granted monopolies to canal-building companies.b. Nearly every state in the North and West undertook canal building between 1820 and 1840. C. Steam Power 1. Steam power made upstream travel economical. 2. Steam ships allow you to go up a river and down a river. 3. Faster way of transport is railroad…mostly in the north and not many in the south because Slaves could escape more easily. a. In 1807, Robert Fulton demonstrated that ships could be powered by steam. b. Henry M. Shreve pioneered in developing a steamship for the shallower waters of western rivers. 4. Development of the steam-powered railroad began in the late 1820s. a. The railroad did not overtake canal-based transportation in importance until the 1850s. D. Information Revolution 1. The revolution in transportation produced a revolution in the transmission of information. a. Newspapers and magazines increased dramatically in numbers. 2. Samuel F. B. Morse perfected the electric telegraph in 1836. E. Legal Anchors for New Business Enterprise 1. In Dartmouth College v. Woodward(1819), Marshall ruled that state legislatures could not alter contracts. 2. In McCulloch v. Maryland(1819), the Court ruled that states could not tax federal institutions. 3. In Gibbons v. Ogden(1824), Marshall ruled that the federal government was superior to state governments in matters of interstate commerce. (commerce between states) II. The New Cotton Empire in the South A. A New Birth for the Slavery System 1. Slavery revived as a result of the shift to cotton. a. Plantation owners achieved impressive annual profits of between 8 and 10 percent. b. The demand for slave labor led to a large interstate trade in slaves. c. Slaves were a major capital investment. 2. In addition to cotton-field labor, slave occupations included service in homes and in non-field work. a. Slave artisans in cities formed guilds, leading to the legal restrictions imposed on them at the demand of white artisans. B. Living Conditions for Southern Slaves 1. While keeping their costs as low as possible, owners provided generally adequate conditions. a. Housing was not crowded, but it was very simple. b. Clothing was basic. c. Food was adequate, and slaves received more meat than did northerners. 2. Diseases related to