HIST 1311 1st Edition Lecture 7 A II Conflicting Views of the Assemblies 1 English authorities and colonists had very different ideas about the powers of colonial assemblies a The colonists saw a two level system England responsible for the British Empire the colonial assemblies responsible for local government b The English saw only a single system one in which the king and Parliament were supreme in everything c The real power is in the Parliament North America and the Struggle for Empire A Indian Alliances and Rivalries 1 Many Indian tribes had formed alliances with colonists to assist the newcomers protect their own safety and advance their own interests or defeat local rivals a Imperial rivalries however often took precedence over alliances with European newcomers great war for the empire B The Great War for Empire 1 The first four wars of five fought by England France and Spain angered the American colonists a Serious hostilities occurred in North America but the only outcomes were taxes inflation impressments of colonial sailors and greater commercial regulation 2 Worldwide conflict between England and France began in 1754 and lasted until 1763 a In the war s North American theater the French and their Indian allies attacked deeply into English territory b Britain eventually counterattacked in Canada and defeated the French at Quebec c All of Canada fell to the English in 1760 with the capture of Montreal d France and England were constantly at war with each other and the war that starts in the Stats is the French and Indian war C The Outcomes of the Great War for Empire 1 France lost most of her possessions around the world a In North America France ceded Canada to the British 2 England emerged from war deeply in debt tax to cover up for their debt 3 Mutual suspicion split the American colonists and the British a The Americans had continued to trade with the French during the war b The British military had behaved arrogantly seized colonial goods and quartered troops at colonial expense c British kicked France out of the New World VI Spanish North America 1 Spain had two enormous Viceroyalties in the New World a One was named Viceroyalty of La Nueva Espa a It included all the Spanish provinces north of the Isthmus of Panama b The other was the Viceroyalty of Peru which covered all of Spanish South America except the coast of Venezuela c These two viceroyalties remained unaltered for two centuries until the Bourbons came into power in Some 62 Viceroys ruled in New Spain and 41 ruled in Peru from 1492 1821 d Technically Spanish Colonial America including Mexico was New Spain e New Spain gradually grew as the harsh semi desert north was slowly pacified by the exodus of missionary friars miners ranchers and military governments settled this vast territory f Provinces within the viceroyalties were as follows New Biscay 1562 New Leon 1579 New Mexico 1598 Coahuila y Tejas 16871718 under Mexico until 1836 Sinaloa 1734 New Santander 1746 areas north of the Rio Grande south of the Nueces River was a disputed area until 1846 California 1767 g The Spanish presence on the North American Continent extended from the East Coast to the Pacific as far North in the Pacific as Nootka Sound on Vancouver Island in what is now British Columbia VI Spanish Colonies in the U S 1 Florida Between 1513 and 1763 Spanish Florida extended across much of the Southeastern United States forming one of the northernmost colonies in the New World Empire of Spain b It ranged from Virginia and the Carolinas south to the Florida Keys and as far west as Alabama and the Florida panhandle c Spanish sailors soldiers missionaries and colonists interacted with dozens of indigenous chiefdoms comprising literally hundreds of thousands of native Southeastern Indians d 1600 Throughout the 17th century although impeded by sporadic Indian outbreaks Spanish colonization spreads in Florida By the 1680s San Marcos de Apalache St Marks of today is a fort and a settlement of consequence Pensacola is permanently resettled in 1698 e 1702 1704 The British raid Spanish settlements including a 52 day siege of St Augustine The town is captured but the fort is not Governor James Moore of Carolina invades middle Florida forcing the Spaniards and Christianized Indians to abandon the Apalache missions Within a few years the mission era of Florida comes to an end 1714 Louie 14th dies f 1719 The French capture Pensacola however as a result of an alliance with Spain in order to stave off English conquests it is soon returned to the Spanish The French also occupy the Gulf Coast west of Pensacola g 1740 The British General James Oglethorpe invades Florida from Georgia seizing outlying forts He lays siege to St Augustine for 27 days until a lack of fresh water and provisions plus the July sun and hordes of insects cause him to turn away He does free the 1500 soldiers and townspeople crowded in the Castillo de San Marcos h 1763 Spain ransoms Havana from the British with Florida The British find St Augustine to be a city with about 342 dwellings Pensacola to have grown slightly beyond the original settlement and the fort and town of San Marcos de Apalache at the head of the Gulf The remainder is wilderness and efforts are made by the British to attract investors and settlers I 1781 The Spanish capture Pensacola from the British 2 Louisiana France 1699 1769 then Spain 1769 1800 1803 then France 1803 sold it to the U S from France in the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 a 1684 La Salle obtains permission to establish a colony but fails to find the mouth of the river and lands on the coast of Texas His efforts to locate the river are futile and he is killed by some of his men in 1687 b 1699 Pierre le Moyne Sieur d Iberville take up the task of colonizing Louisiana Both of these men who are to become very important in the history of Louisiana are under the age of 20 Le Moyne builds a fort near what is now Ocean Springs Mississippi It will be the capital of Louisiana until 1702 His party first sees the bluffs of Baton Rouge on March 17th Its banks are separated by a reddened 30 foot high maypole with several heads of fish and bear attached in sacrifice and dripping with blood The natives had sunk it there to mark the land line between the 2 nations So D Iberville calls the area Baton Rouge French for red stick and hence the region s name is born c 1714 A French fort and settlement are established at Natchitoches on the Red River Trader Louis Juchereau de