HIST 1311 1st Edition Lecture 9 I. Resolving the Conflict of Vision A. The Ratification Controversy 1. To win ratification, supporters' tactics included: a. Calling themselves Federalists. b. Ratifying conventions in each state. c. Approval by only nine states necessary for adoption. 2. Local conditions often dictated positions for and against the Constitution. a. Voters in states with strong economies tended to be against.b. Voters in small, weak states tended to be in favor. c. Urban residents tended to be in favor; backcountry and rural inhabitants were more likely to oppose. 3. Antifederalists argued the country was not in crisis; Federalists were elitists; the Constitution would lead to tyranny and had no bill of rights. B. The Federalist Victory 1. Local conditions proved important in securing approval of the Constitution. a. Small states quickly ratified it (except for Rhode Island). b. Washington's influence was decisive for Virginia's approval. c. Federalist agreement to add a bill of rights to the Constitution helped secure ratification in many states. C. President George Washington 1. Washington established two important precedents: a. Use of a simple title to address the president. b. Cabinet meetings. (used to ask the Vice President to leave in the cabinet meetings)II. Competing Visions Re-emerge A. Unity's Achievements 1. Congress created a federal judicial system. 1a. The Judiciary Act of 1789 created federal courts and spelled out the powers of the Supreme Court. b. Federal Judge: can shut the president down, has unlimited power, and appointed for life. 2. To finance the government, Congress approved import duties. 3. The Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution. (1st ten amendments) B. Hamilton's and Jefferson's Differences Emerge 1. Hamilton and Jefferson had vastly conflicting ideas about the future course of American society. a. Hamilton envisioned an economy rooted in manufacturing and commerce. b. Jefferson wished to preserve America as an agriculturalsociety. c. Federalist follow Hamilton. 2. They and their followers split into the first political parties: theFederalists and the Republicans. C. Hamilton's Economic Plan 1. Hamilton proposed that the government redeem its notes by paying the current holders full face value. a. Jefferson's followers opposed the plan as rewarding unscrupulous speculators, but Congress approved it. 2. Hamilton proposed that the government assume responsibility for the states' debts. 3. Jefferson is the founder of the Democratic Party. a. Selection of the site of the national capital resulted from thecontroversy over this proposal. 4. Hamilton next secured creation of a national bank. a. "Strict construction" versus "broad construction" of theConstitution emerged as another difference between Jefferson and Hamilton. 5. Hamilton suggested customs duties and government subsidies to stimulate the development of manufacturing. D. Foreign Affairs and Deepening Divisions 1. The French Revolution presented America with a difficult foreign affairs problem. a. At first, most Americans supported the Revolution, but sentiment swung against it because of the Reign of Terror and when France went to war against the rest of Europe. b. France expected America's support against England under the terms of the treaty between France and the United States. 2. France attempted to build support in the United States for its cause.a. Completely disregarding President Washington, Genet attempted to recruit Americans to fight for France. 2b. Washington proclaimed American neutrality in the war between France and England. c. Policy of Neutrality E. More Domestic Disturbances 1. Hamilton's Federalists argued that the republic was in danger from Jefferson's Republicans. 2. In the wake of the French Revolution and British interference in the west and on the seas, organizations rose up to make demands on the government. a. The Democratic-Republican societies, pro-French political groups, most worried President Washington. b. Washington blamed them for the ill-fated Whiskey Rebellion. F. The Jay Treaty (1794) All in favor of the British. 1. Britain agreed to evacuate the western forts and granted small tradefavors to America in the West Indies. 2. The US agreed to see that all prewar debts to British merchants were finally paid. 3. Jay, however, abandoned America's demand for freedom of the seas and conceded the British navy's right to remove French property from any neutral ship. 4. The overwhelming backlash against the treaty weakened the prestige and authority of the Washington administration. 5. In the Northwest Territory, Anthony Wayne defeated the Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. a. The Indians ceded title to lands in Ohio in the Treaty of Greenville. G. Washington's Farewell 1. Washington chose retirement over a third term. a. In his Farewell Address, he warned against the growth of political parties and against involvement in foreign affairs. III. Conflict in the Adams Administration A. The Split Election of 1796 1. The Republicans ran Jefferson for president, Aaron Burr for vice president. a. Both shared a belief in democracy and in republicanism. 2. The Federalists were divided between the two candidates for president. a. Hamilton favored Thomas Pinckney. 3b. Most backed John Adams. 3. Hamilton's scheme to elect Pinckney led to the election of a president and vice president from two different parties. a. Angry Federalists voted for Jefferson rather than Pinckney in the Electoral College. b. Adams won the presidency, Jefferson the vice-presidency. 4. Adams angered the Republicans. a. He appointed Hamilton men to the cabinet and refused to appoint James Madison to a diplomatic post. B. XYZ: The Power of Patriotism 1. Adams faced conflict with France. a. The French cut off relations with the United States because of the Federalists' pro-British stance. b. They began to seize American ships. c. The XYZ Affair turned American public opinion against France. 2. A "quasi-war" between France and the United States began. a. Congress created a navy and authorized a standing army. b. Hostilities did not occur on land but did take place at sea. 3. Federalists and Republicans differed sharply with regard to France.a. Federalists favored full-scale war because of all that revolutionary France represented. C. The War at Home 1. Congress enacted legislation to weaken the Republicans by countering the influence of immigrants: a. Naturalization