HIST 1311 1st Edition Lecture 21. The result of these exchanges was profound change in all three continents.- Diseases wiped out a huge proportion up to 90% of the Native American Indian population. (Small pox, which was the worst one and the others included plague, and typhoid.) - Small pox: no medicine or antibiotics and if you were able to survive the small pox then no children could reproduce. This made the Indian population crash so Europe takes over. - New cash crops stimulated economic development. - New food items from the Western Hemisphere contributed to population increases in Africa and Europe, which in turn led to further immigration to the New World.- New plants and animals in the Western Hemisphere altered the environment. Causing the extinction of plants and animals alike.- The horse, while many of these domestic animals shaped the way Native Americans lived the impact of the horse cannot be downplayed; it is by far the biggest single Old-New World contribution of the Columbian Exchange. The conquest would not have been possible without the horse, Conquistador Pedro de Castaneda said “for, after God, we owe the victory to the horses” armor wearing men on armor clad beasts easily disposed of the native population and docile and unsuspecting Old World wildlife. Later, after the conquest, Eastern and PacificCoast tribes would utilize the horse to become the mobile and dominant stereotypical Plains Indian civilization which is an image that remains with us today. In the aspect of economics and labor, the horse provided theneeded edge for hunting bison, and waging war. Horses continued to make a lasting impact on the American landscape not only as theprimary source of transportation but as a symbol of the cultural exchange that occurred in 1493.- New World exchange items; corn, squash, beans, (the trinity of subsistence) peppers, tomatoes, tobacco, and disease (syphilis).- Sailors have syphilis so it spreads fast and there was no cure till 17th century. Once you have it slowly kills you. - Henry 8th had syphilis so his children could get it. - Old World exchange items; the horse, cattle, manioc, swine, sugar, slaves, and disease (small pox, typhoid, plague).- Sugar and slavery without sugar and later cotton you have no slavery. (Cuba and Dominican Republic use slaves to run sugar plantations.)B. New Worlds in Africa and the Americas1. The Columbian Exchange proved highly disruptive to Native American Indian life and society. - Disease reduced the labor force and killed many of the traditional teachers of cultural and practical knowledge. 2. Epidemics enabled Europeans to make quicker inroads in the WesternHemisphere. - Native American Indians entered alliances with Europeans. - Many incorporated elements of Christianity into their own religions. 3. The Columbian Exchange also disrupted West African societies. - Europeans organized an even larger business in slaves than had Muslim traders. African peoples captured millions in the interior for sale as slaves to European traders on the coasts.C. A New World in Europe1. The Columbian Exchange affected life and society in Europe. - New food crops from the Western Hemisphere contributed to amarked increase in population. 2. Simultaneous with the discovery of the Western Hemisphere, Europe went through a century of religious crisis. - Martin Luther in 1517 began the assault on the Catholic Church; other theological reformers, like John Calvin, joined the attack on Catholicism.- Faith alone: you are saved by faith alone and nothing else. - Grace alone: don’t have to go to sacraments saved by grace alone.- Scripter alone: you need to be able to understand the scripter and don’t need a pope or a priest to translate it. - Martin Luther is responsible for the Protestant reformation, and anticlericalism. - Lutherans wrote the 95 theses (95 things wrong with the Catholic Church main one sale of indulgences, paying money to a distant religious figure head) nailed it on the door of the Catholic Church in Worms, Germany.- Calvinists had strong work ethics part of being predestined or chosen by God required such behavior. The poor and slaves were not chosen by God. Huguenots in France and Puritans in North America.- Many members of the middle and the ruling classes broke away from Catholicism.- This wave of Protestantism began to spur the wave of colonization in England.- In 1537 an English copy of the Bible is issued and the common folk can read and interpret to their desire.- 16th century begin of modern nation state Renaissance: - huge involvement in the arts because more stuff was available- education- architecture - Michel Anglo - The Last Supper - Discovery of ancient Greek texts- Ancient work is being opened up. - Philosophy - Art Reformation: - Break up of church - Simpler form of Christianity that might not include the pope.- Needed to know Latin which was the language of the Church. - Spread of learning. 3. The Monarchy in England- Henry VII was a weak and unable ruler who could not resolved England’s domestic troubles.- At this time England lacked a military body that could control local feudal lords. War of the Roses Tudors vs. Stuarts white roses vs. red roses.- Henry VIII’s divorce from Catharine of Aragon and his relationship with Anne Boleyn further fuels the Reformation.- English- Puritans: Catholics - Irish: Roman Catholic - Regardless of the religious and marital problems England’s military grows in strength. But Henry fears that a female ruler willonly result in civil war.- Edward VI Henry’s son with Anne Boleyn was a sickly child who ruled form 1547 to 1553 when he died. But under Edward, Calvinists sought to remove all traces of Catholicism from the Church of England.- Mary I Henry’s daughter with Catharine of Aragon promised to return England to Catholicism. Hundreds of thousands of Protestants were exiled many fled to Switzerland, Germany, andlater to the U.S. (executes 300 protestants) Also called “bloody Marry” - In this persecutionMary succeeds in creating “Marian Exiles” martyrs to the Protestant cause.- Mary dies in 1558 and Elizabeth ascends onto the throne.- Elizabeth I (“good queen best”) is very eager to rid the Tudor church of all Catholicism and Calvinism reigns in England to the end of the 16th century.- The Protestant Queen rules from 1558to 1603 a women of many talents, ex-communicated by the Pope in 1570 who considered her an illegitimate