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Clemson BCHM 3050 - The Basics of Carbohydrates

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BCHM 3050 1st Edition Lecture 29 Outline of Last Lecture I Eugenic Movement II Historical Case III History of Skin Color IV The Yin and Tang of Radiations V Melanocytes Make Melanin VI Sub Saharan Africans adapted to have darker skin VII Adaptation permitting light skin color VIII Golden Fish versus Black Pigmented Fish Study Outline of Current Lecture I Monosaccharides II Enantiomers and Diastereomers III Chemical Reactions of Monosaccharides IV Important Monosaccharides V Disaccharides Current Lecture I II Monosaccharides a Monomer of Carbohydrate is Monosaccharide b Classify sugars based on aldoses or ketoses and of carbon atoms i Ex Aldo pentose aldo hexose c Monomer of Carbohydrate is Monosaccharide d Classify sugars based on aldoses or ketoses and of carbon atoms i Ex Aldo pentose aldo hexose Enantiomers and Diastereomers a Enantiomers usually come in the D form or an L form b Diastereomers and Enantiomers are two different types of stereoisomers c Diastereomers are stereoisomers that are not enantiomers i Epimers different at only one carbon atom ex glucose 1 Glucose and Manmose are epimers around carbon atom 2 2 Glucose and Galactose are epimers around carbon atom 4 ii Anomers diastereomers that form because of cyclization 1 Oxygen atom is shared between carbon atom 1 and 5 due to aldehyde and carbon atom 5 interaction 2 Forms a basket like structure called a hexamer These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute III IV V 3 Alpha and beta glucose are anomers 4 if OH points down on carbon 1 it is an alpha Glucose Oxygen and OH point away from each other 5 if OH points up beta Glucose oxygen and OH point towards each other Chemical Reactions of Monosaccharides a Oxidation in the presence of metal ions or certain enzymes i Aldehyde gets oxidized gains oxygen turns into carboxylic acid ii 3 types of oxidatation products of glucose aldonic acid one aldehyde gets oxidized uronic acid has 2 aldehydes and 1 gets oxidized aldaric acid 2 aldehydes get oxidized iii Vitamin C is a type of lactone formed by cyclization of glucose iv Need glucose for energy and to make vitamins b Reduction sugar alcools are produced by the reduction of aldehyde and ketone groups of monosaccharides Important Monosaccharides a Be able to identify the line structure above as an alpha glucose i If it was an alpha manmose OH at carbon 2 would be pointing up ii If it was an alpha galacose OH at carbon would be pointing up b Fructose is often referred to as fruit sugar because of its high content in fruit c Galactose is necessary to synthesize a variety of important biomolecules Disaccharides a Two monosaccharides linked by a glycosidic bond b Alpha or beta only refers to the first carbon c Reducing sugar galactose has a free OH group when a part of lactose i This means that the OH group at carbon 1 in galactose ring can form more glycosidic bonds and react with other molecules ii Therefore Lactose is a reducing sugar d Glucose glucose Maltose e Cellobiose beta 1 4 of 2 beta glucoses f Sucrose Non reducing sugar because the OH groups on carbon 1 are involved in bonding


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Clemson BCHM 3050 - The Basics of Carbohydrates

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