HIST 1312 Goldin Lecture 14Outline of Last Lecture I. The American Dilemmaa. Japanese-American Internmentb. Blacks and the Warc. Blacks and the Military Servicesd. Birth of the Civil Rights Movement e. The Double-Vf. The War and Raceg. An American Dilemmah. Black InternationalismII. The Freedom Movementa. Origins of the Movementb. Legal Assault on Segregationc. Brown cased. Montgomery Bus Boycote. Daybreak of Freedomf. The Leadership of Kingg. Massive Resistanceh. Eisenhower and Civil RightsIII. Civil Rights Revolutiona. The Rising tide of Protestb. Birminghamc. The March on WashingtonOutline of Current Lecture I. Topics for QuizCurrent LectureTopic 3: Technology- Before modern technology, communications over distances involved a person or animal moving physically from one place or another- Tyrant wanted to send a message and tatooed a message on a slave’s bald head and waited for his hair to grow back, and then he was sent to deliver the message, so that even he was stopped and searched, nobody could find the messageThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Pony Express needed ten days to go from West coast to East coast- Smoke signalso One of the oldest forms of communications Ancient Chinese Aboriginal people Native Americanso Vatican (new pope) Black smoke White smoke - Flags on shipso Flag represents leter on alphabeto Each flag has a particular meaning- Semaphore Line/ Semaphore Telegrapho 1792 it was establishedo Series of towers that had a paddle on top that would correspond to leters of the alphabeto Towers were set up in long lineso It was slow and awkwardo It was a way to transmit message without movingo In France, 3,000 miles of over 500 towers during Revolutionary Waro US adopted a form, where it was used in San Francisco and Boston- Heliographo Solar telegrapho Send messages by reflecting sunlight using mirrorso It was portableo It did not use electricityo Could be seen for thirty miles with the naked eyeo 1894 – a message was sent 183 miles between Utah and Coloradoo Used in late 19th century and 20th centuryo Especially useful for militaryo Even now days, signal mirrors are including in survival aircrafts- Disadvantages:o They did not work well in bad weathero It relied very heavily on how far people could seeo These were all fairly slow ways to send messageso Only good for short and simple messages- 1830s – Electric Telegrapho Transmited messages by sending pulses of electric current through lineso It was a huge breakthrougho It was a huge improvement over previous ways to send messageso It did not depend on weathero It did not depend on how far people could seeo It was accurateo Instant communicationo It could be used to send long messageso Samuel Morse is credited for this inventiono His assistant developed the Morse code- AT&T – American Telephone & Telegraph- Morse was a painter- A telegraph line was placed at the botom of the Atlantic so that messages could be sent from USto Europe- 1850s – railroads used telegraphs to coordinate routes- 1864 – first known instance of spam in Britain from a dentist- Telegraph needed operatorso Formed their own community and their own slango They would gossip with one anothero Because there was such a great need for operators, it created opportunities for women to work, especially during Civil War- Western Union – opened a school to train women for operatoro Women were not paid as much as men- Alexander Graham Bello 1876 – got a patent for the telephoneo His first phone call was to Watson, his assistanto Until the 1960s, phone calls were completed by placing phone plugs in the correct numbero Long distance calls had to be reserved ahead of timeo The phone system also had hackers Phone phreaking – John Rapper  Late 1960s and 1970s – phone system had been automated and worked on a series of tones an frequencies Phone phreak discovered how to cheat the system and make long distance phone calls for free 2600 Hertz was the frequency for the operator He was called the Captain Crunch man because he used the whistle from cereal box He was arrested- Landlines v Cellphoneso Phone automation o When people are not involved, all automated, it becomes easier to hack into the systemo It is more convenient, however it has created problemso Companies purposely have the automated systems because it is cheapero Phone systems can be used to keep people away- Transportation:o Oldest form is walkingo Horseso Carriageo Steam carriage – first self-propelled vehicle in human history Did not rely on wind, horses, or people to push/ pull 18th century – steam was used in factorieso Railroad (1840s) came along and trains were beter than steam carriageso Public transportation: This is how most people got around Began in 1830s Horse-drawn street cars, Horse cars, Horse Omni buses Horse-drawn street cars ran on rails and carried around 7 million people in NY It was noisy, smelly, and horses needed care As technology improved, some cities switched toward trains By the end of 19th century, people began to use street cars/ trolleys 1889 – Richmond, VA was first to use trolleys 1902 – street cars completely replaced horses 1890s – Subways were installed One of the biggest disadvantage is that it costs a lot of money upfront in the beginning There is no guarantee that people will use public transportation Arlington, TX is the biggest city in the country without public transportation Public transit is not nearly as important as it used be nowadayso Because cars are used by millions of people, cars have infiltrated into many aspects of our liveso We export the most oil from Canadao The first car was developed in the 1880s by Germanso 1890s – established the first car factory in USo By the first years of the 20th century, auto industry became establishedo People did not really understand how to develop/ fix cars very well yeto Fuel was difficult to be obtaino Driving was difficult because roads that existed were not built for carso Because so few cars were in existent, they were expensive and people could not afford themo Cars had litle if any effect on people when they first came outo By the 1930s, most of the mechanical technology that cars have now a days had already been inventedo At first, cars were noveltieso By 1920s, after