HIST 1312 1st Edition Lecture 13Outline of Last Lecture I. The Culture Warsa. The Second Klanb. Closing the Golden Doorc. Race and the Lawd. Promoting Tolerancee. The Emergence of Harlemf. The Harlem RenaissanceOutline of Current Lecture I. The American Dilemmaa. Japanese-American Internmentb. Blacks and the Warc. Blacks and the Military Servicesd. Birth of the Civil Rights Movement e. The Double-Vf. The War and Raceg. An American Dilemmah. Black InternationalismII. The Freedom Movementa. Origins of the Movementb. Legal Assault on Segregationc. Brown cased. Montgomery Bus Boycote. Daybreak of Freedomf. The Leadership of Kingg. Massive Resistanceh. Eisenhower and Civil RightsIII. Civil Rights Revolutiona. The Rising tide of Protestb. Birminghamc. The March on WashingtonCurrent LectureThe American Dilemma- Japanese-American InternmentThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Inspired by exaggerated fears of a Japanese invasion of the West Coast and pressured by whites who saw an opportunity to gain possession of Japanese-American propertyo Military persuaded FDR to issue Executive Order 9066 – promulgated in Feb 1942 - Ordered the relocation of all persons of Japanese descent from the West Coast - 110,000 men, women and children relocated - Did not apply to Hawaii as Japanese labor made up its economyo Internees were subjected to a quasi-military discipline in the campso Internment revealed how easily war can undermine basic freedom- The courts refused to interveneo 1944 – Korematsu v. United States: Supreme Court denied the appeal of Fred Korematsu, a Japanese-American citizen who had been arrested for refusing to present himself for internment- Justice Hugo Black upheld the legality of the internment policy, insisting that an order applying only to persons of Japanese descent was not based on raceo Government established a loyalty oath program , expecting Japanese-Americans to swear allegiance to the government that had imprisoned them and to enlist in the army- 200 young men were sent to prison for refusing the draf- 20,000 joinedo 1988 – Congress apologized and gave every survivor $20,000- Blacks and the Waro The wartime message of freedom portended a major transformation in the status of blackso The war spurred a movement of black population from the rural South to the cities of the North and West - 700,000 black migrants poured out of the South on what they called “liberty trains” seeking jobs in the industrial heartland- Blacks and the Military Serviceso WWII began with no black members in air force or marineso Army restricted the number of black enlisteeso Navy enlisted blacks only as cooks and waiterso More than 1 million blacks served in the waro GI Bill was even segregated and offered racial discrimination for blacks when they returned from war- Birth of the Civil Rights Movemento War years witnessed the birth of the modern civil rights movemento Black leader A. Philip Randolph in July 1941 led a March on Washington- Demanded access to defense employment, and end to segregation and a national antilynching lawo Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802 – banned discrimination in defense jobs and established Fair Employment Practice Commission (FEPC) to monitor compliance- The Double-Vo February 1942 – Pittsburgh Courier coined the phrase that came to symbolize black attitudes during the war – the “double-V”- Victory over Germany and Japan, it insisted, must be accompaniedby victory over segregation at home- The War and Raceo Broad political coalition called for an end to racial inequality in Americao Even as the war gave birth to the modern civil rights movement, it also planted the seeds for the South’s “massive resistance” to desegregation during the 1950so Smith v. Allwright (1944) – the Supreme Court outlawed all-white primaries o In the final months of the war, navy ended all segregation together - An American Dilemmao Reflected the new concern with the status of black Americans moreo Published in 1944o Tells the account of the country’s racial past, present, and future writen by the Swedish social scientist Gunnar Myrdalo Portrayed how deeply racism entrenched law, politics, economics, and social behavior- Black Internationalismo Black radicals such as David Walker and Martin Delany has sought to link the fate of African Americans with hat of peoples of African descent in other parts of the worldo The global imposition of white supremacy brought forth a feeling of racial solidarity across national and geographical linesThe Freedom Movement- Origins of the Movemento With blacks’ traditional allies on the lef decimated by McCarthyism, most union leaders unwilling to challenge racial inequalities within their own ranks, and the NAACP concentrating on court batles, new constituencies and new tactics were sorely neededo The US in the 1950s was still segregated, unequal societyo Half of the nation’s black families lived in povertyo In the South, evidence of Jim Crow aboundedo In the North and West, the law did not require segregation, but custom barred blacks from many colleges, hotels, and restaurants, and from most suburban housingo In 1950, seventeen southern and border states and Washington, DC, has laws requiring the racial segregation of public schools, and several others permited local districts to impose it o In northern communities housing paterns and school district lines created de facto segregation – separation in fact if not in law- The Legal Assault on Segregationo In the Southwest, the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC), the equivalent of the NAACP, challenged restrictive housing, employment discrimination, and the segregation of Latino students Mendez v. Westminster (1946) – California Supreme Court ordered the schools of Orange County desegregated- The Brown Caseo Thurgood Marshall now launched a frontal assault on segregation itselfo Brown v. Board of Education (1952) – Oliver Brown went to court because his daughter, athird grader, was forced to walk across dangerous railroad tracks each morning rather than being allowed to atend the all-white school that was closero 1954 – It was ruled that “Segregation in public education violated the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment”- The Montgomery Bus Boycoto December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks, a black