HIST 1312 1st Edition Lecture 11Outline of Last Lecture I. The Overthrow of Reconstructiona. Reconstruction’s Opponentsb. “A Reign of Terror”c. The Liberal Republicansd. The North’s Retreat e. The Triumph of Redeemersf. The Disputed Election and Bargain of 1877g. The End of ReconstructionOutline of Current Lecture II. The Segregated Southa. The Redeemers in Powerb. The Failure of the New South Dreamc. Black Life in the Southd. The Kansas Exoduse. The Decline of Black Politicsf. The Elimination of Black Voting g. The Law of Segregationh. The Rise of Lynchingi. Politics, Religion, and MemoryIII. Who is an American?a. The “Race Problem”b. The Anti-German Crusadec. Toward Immigration Restrictiond. Group Apart: Mexicans and Asian-Americanse. The Color Linef. Roosevelt, Wilson, and Raceg. W. E. B. Du Bois and the Revival of Black Protesth. Closing Ranksi. The Great MigrationThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used asa supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.j. Racial Violence, North and Southk. The Rise of GarveryismCurrent LectureThe Segregated Southj. The Redeemers in Powero The failure of Populism in the South opened the door for the full imposition of a new radical ordero The coalition of merchants, planters, and business entrepreneurs who dominated the region’s politics after 1877 called themselves the Redeemers, since they claimed to have redeemed the region from the alleged horrors of misgovernment and “black rule”o They had moved to undo much of Reconstructiono The hardest hit were the new public school systemso Poor whites suffered, but blacks suffered the most as the gap between expenditures for black and white pupils widened steadilyo New laws authorized the arrest of virtually any person without employment and greatly increased the penalties for petty crimeso Every southern state placed at least a portion of its convicted criminals, the majority of them blacks imprisoned for minor offenses, in the hands of private businessmeno Railroads, mines, and lumber companies competed for this new form of cheap, involuntary laboro Conditions in labor camps were often barbaric, with disease ride and the death rates highk. The Failure of the New South Dreamo During the 1880s, Atlanta editor Henry Grady tirelessly promoted the promise of a New South, an era of prosperity based on industrial expansion and agricultural diversificationo In fact, while planters, merchants, and industrialist prospered, the region as a whole sank deeper and deeper into povertyo Some industry did develop, but since the main attraction for investors were the South’s low wages and taxes and the availability of convict labor, these enterprises made little contribution to the regional economic developmento Southern cities were mainly export centers for cotton, tobacco, and rice, with little industry or skilled laborl. Black Life in the Southo As the most disadvantaged rural southerners, black farmers suffered the most from the region’s conditionso In most of the Deep South, African-Americans owned a smaller percentage of land in 1900 than they had at the end of Reconstructiono In southern cities, the network of institutions created after the Civil War served as the foundation for increasingly diverse black urban communitieso They supported the growth of the black middle class, but the labor market was rigidly kept divided among racial lineso In most occupations, the few unions that existed in the South, excluded blacks, forming yet another barrier to their economic advancementm. The Kansas Exoduso Trapped at the bottom of a stagnant economy, some blacks sought a way out through emigration from the Southo In 1879 and 1880, an estimated 40,000 to 60,000 African-Americans migrated to Kansas, seeking political equality, freedom from violence, access to education, and economic opportunityo Those promoting the Exodus distributed flyers and lithographs picturing Kansas as an idyllic land or rural plentyo Despite deteriorating prospects in the South, most African-Americans had little alternative but to stay in the regiono The real expansion of job opportunities was taking place in northern citieso But most northern employers refused to offer jobs to blacks in the expanding industrial economy, preferring to hire white migrants from rural areas and immigrants from Europen. The Decline of Black Politicso Neither black voting nor black office holding came to an abrupt end in 1877o Nonetheless, political opportunities became more and more restrictedo Not until the 1990s would the number of black legislators in the South approach the level seen during Reconstructiono With black men of talent and ambition turning away from politics, the banner of politicalleadership passed to black women activistso The National Association of Colored Women (1896) – brought together local and regional women’s clubs to press both for women’s rights and racial uplifto By insisting on the right of black women to be considered as “respectable” as their white counterparts, the women reformers challenged the racial ideology that consigned all blacks to the status of degraded second-class citizenso For nearly a generation after the end of The Reconstruction, despite fraud and violence, black southerners continued to cast ballots in large numberso Despite the limits of these alliances, especially those involving the Populists, the threat of biracial political insurgency frightened the ruling Democrats and contributed greatly to the disenfranchisement movemento. The Elimination of Black Voting o Between 1890 and 1906, every southern state enacted laws or constitutional provisions meant to eliminate the black voteso The most popular devices were the poll tax (a fee that each citizen had to pay in order toretain the right to vote), literacy tests and the requirement that a prospective voter demonstrate to election officials an “understanding” of the state constitutiono Six southern states also adopted a “grandfather clause,” exempting from the new requirements descendants of persons eligible to vote before the Civil War (when only whites could cast ballots in the South)o The racial intent of the grandfather clause was so clear that the Supreme Court in 1915 invalidated such laws for violating the 15th Amendmento Numerous poor and illiterate whites also lost the right to voteo Disenfranchisement led directly to the rise of a generation of