HIST 1312 1st Edition Lecture 8Outline of Last Lecture I. The Regan Revolutiona. Conservatives and Reaganb. Reagan and the Cold Warc. Iran-Contra Affaird. Reagan and Gorbacheve. Reagan’s LegacyII. The Post-Cold War Worlda. The Crisis of Communismb. A New World Order?c. The Gulf Ward. Visions of America’s RoleIII. A New Century and New CrisesIV. The War on Terrorisma. Bush before September 11b. “They Hate Freedom”c. The Bush Doctrined. The “Axis of Evil”Outline of Current Lecture These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used asa supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.I. Topic 1a. Foodb. DrinkII. Topic 2a. Tobaccob. DrugsCurrent LectureTopic 1: Food & Drink- Foodo The Bohemian Dinner (1930s-40s)o Humans were first hunters and gathererso After agricultural revolution, approximately 10,000 years ago, man became a farmero Restaurants came about during the Civil Waro Steamships and the Transcontinental Railroad (finished in 1869) carried food products Refrigerator in carts (invented in 1868) made this possible  Food could now be transportedo Farmers in California & Florida discovered how to transport oranges (citrus fruits in general) They cut off stems Wrapped them in paper Americans diets were beginning to changeo Farms increased from 2 million in 1860 to 6 million in 1905o People living on farms increased from 10 million in 1860 to 30 million in 1905o From 1870-1920:  11 million people moved from countryside to cities for work 25 million immigrants migrated into US around same time into the city for work as wello City dwellers have an indirect relationship with the food they consume nowo Rich people showed off their wealth by buying ridiculous, opulent mealso Eating habits changed: Middle meal used to be known as dinner Last meal was known as supper However, people working in the cities could not go home for dinner So dinner became known as lunch- It was to be eaten quickly so that one could get back to worko Fast food began in the 1930so City-life promoted the idea of eating aloneo Automat (vending machine) – Last one closed in 1991; served food without server, cashier, and no tippingo All night diners had limited menu: coffee, shakes, etc.o Increasing prevalence of processed and machine-made foods Condiments (mustard and ketchup) Canned Foods Freezer Foodso Mechanization: machinery replaced humans Mechanization and better understanding of science caused farms to grow, but the number of farmers to decreaseo Mid-19th century to now – huge shift from rural nation to an urban nation (eating out more, grocery shopping, etc.)o At first food was for sustenance: have enough food to liveo Next food became about nutrition: is it good or bad for you?o Now, food has became about ethics: concern about where and how food is produced- Drinko Beverages: coffee, milk, tea, fruit juice, watero One of the most popular drink was mineral water (came in many flavors)  It was considered healthy alternative compared to beero Bottle soda became popular later in the 20th centuryo Coca cola was derived for morphine addictiono 1880s – it was labeled for a medicineo It originally had cocaineTopic 2: Drugs & Tobacco- Tobacco:o Was used first by Native Americanso Exchange for the European gift of alcoholo Cigars became popular in the early 1800so Negative health affects of tobacco were not known or understoodo The use of cigarettes exploded after WWIo They were known as soldiers smokeo During the second WW, cigarettes were at an all time higho Cigarettes were given as a ration for soldierso Cigarette companies gave to soldiers for freeo However, in the 1930s researchers began to link cigarettes to cancer and shorter life spano Nobody at the time knew the exact chemical mechanisms that could cause cancero The general public was uninformed – widespread ignoranceo 1952 – Cancer by the Carton – detailed the dangers of smokingo In 1953, cigarettes sells declined for the first time in 20 yearso By 1954, the major tobacco companies formed the Tobacco Industry Research Council tocounter the growing health concernso They started to mass market filtered cigarettes that promised a healthier smokeo Sales rose againo In early 1960s, surgeon generals advising committee was formedo In 1964, Surgeon General Advising Committee releases a report that the average smoker was 9-10x more likely to develop lung cancer and listed the carcinogens o The tobacco industry continued to make lots of moneyo In 1965, Congress required Surgeon general labels on all cartons o In 1968, non tobacco cigarette brand (Bravo) made out of lettuceo It did not really worko In 1971, all broadcasting of tobacco products were bannedo In 1987, Congress banned smoking on all planes (2 hours or less)o In 1990, smoking was banned on international buses and planes lasting six hours or lesso In 1994, Mississippi followed the first of 22 law suits to get smokers medical bills paido Tobaccos knew to get a good customer base that they had to get them when they were youngo In 1965, 40% smokeo In 2013, 18% smokeo Because fewer people were buying cigarettes, the companies began to seek out other countrieso Tobacco companies are suing other countries who are trying to put restrictions on tobacco- Drugso Amphetamine Stimulant first made in 1887 Thought of as a medicine in 1920s Used to raise blood pressure Abuse began in 1930s when marketed as a benzidine Distributed to soldiers to combat fatigue and improve mood in WWII After war, physicians prescribed for depression Truck drivers used to keep awake Actors would use for better performance  Students used them for all night study sessions In 1960s, the use of injectable version spread But in 1970s, it became less popular Beginning in 1995, trafficking began for Crystal Metho Opium, Morphine and Heroin Opiates Became popular during the 19th century Readily available in drug stores and doctors commonly prescribed Chinese laborers who came to work on the railroads (1850s - 60s) brought the practice of smoking opiates Morphine was made in Germany in 1803 It was a pain medicine Mid-1800s when the syringe was invented, the morphine could be injected Morphine was addicted Heroin was made in Germany in 1895 and Bayer began to market it Heroin was used for morphine addiction Free samples of heroin were mailed