HIST 1312 1st Edition Lecture 12Outline of Last Lecture I. The Segregated Southa. The Redeemers in Powerb. The Failure of the New South Dreamc. Black Life in the Southd. The Kansas Exoduse. The Decline of Black Politicsf. The Elimination of Black Voting g. The Law of Segregationh. The Rise of Lynchingi. Politics, Religion, and MemoryII. Who is an American?a. The “Race Problem”b. The Anti-German Crusadec. Toward Immigration Restrictiond. Group Apart: Mexicans and Asian-Americanse. The Color Linef. Roosevelt, Wilson, and Raceg. W. E. B. Du Bois and the Revival of Black Protesth. Closing Ranksi. The Great Migrationj. Racial Violence, North and Southk. The Rise of GarveryismOutline of Current Lecture III. The Culture Warsa. The Second Klanb. Closing the Golden Doorc. Race and the Lawd. Promoting Tolerancee. The Emergence of Harlemf. The Harlem RenaissanceCurrent LectureThe Culture Wars- The Second Klano The wartime obsession with “100 percent Americanism” continued into the 1920sThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used asa supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o In 1922, Oregon became the only sate ever to require all students to attend public schoolso The Klan had been reborn inn Atlanta in 1915 after the lynching of Leo Frank, a Jewish factory manager accused of killing a teenage girl o By the mid-1920s, it claimed more than 3 million members, nearly all white, native-born Protestants, many of whom held respected positions in their communitieso Unlike the Klan of Reconstruction, the organization now sank deep roots in parts of the North and Westo American civilization, the new Klan insisted, was endangered not only by blacks but by immigrants and all the forces that endangered “individual liberty”- Closing the Golden Dooro The Klan’s influence faded after 1925, when its leader in Indiana was convicted of assaulting a young womano The 1920s produced a fundamental change in immigration policyo Prior to WWI virtually all the white persons who wished to pass through the “golden door into the US and become citizens were able to do soo During the 1920s, however, the pressure for wholesale immigration restriction became irresistibleo In 1921, a temporary measure restricted immigration from Europe to 357,000 per year (one-third of the annual average before the war)o Three years later, Congress permanently limited European immigration 150,000 per year,distributed according to a series of national quotas that severely restricted the numbers from southern and eastern Europe o However, to satisfy the demands of large farmers in California who relied heavily on seasonal Mexican labor, the 1924 law established no limits on immigration from the Western Hemisphereo The immigration law did bar the entry of all those ineligible for naturalized citizenship – entire population of Asiao The 1924 law established for the first time a new category – “illegal alien” With it came new enforcement mechanism, the Border Patrol, charged with policing land boundaries of the US and empowered to arrest and deport personswho entered the country in violation of the new nationality quotas or other restrictions- Race and the Lawo The new immigration ;aw reflected the heightened emphasis on “race” as a determinantof public policyo “Race policy” meant far more than black-white relationso The 1924 immigration law also reflected the Progressive desire to improve the “quality” of democratic citizenship and to employ scientific methods to set public policyo “White,” the court declared, was not a scientific concept at all, but part of “common speech, to be interpreted with the understanding of the common man”- Promoting Toleranceo In the face of immigration restriction, Prohibition, a revived KKK, and widespread anti-Semitism and anti-Catholicism, immigrant groups asserted the validity of cultural diversity and identified toleration of difference – religious, cultural, and individual – as the essence of American freedomo In effect, they reinvented themselves as “ethnic” Americans, claiming an equal share in the nation’s life but, in addition, the right to remain in many respects culturally distinct- The Emergence of Harlemo The 1920s also witnessed an upsurge of self-consciousness among black Americans, especially in the North’s urban ghettoso New York’s Harlem gained an international reputation as the capital of black America, a mecca for immigrants from the South and immigrants from the West Indieso The 1920s became famous for “slumming,” as groups of whites visited Harlem’s dance halls, jazz clubs, and speakeasies in search for exotic adventureo The Harlem of white imagination was a place of primitive passions, free from the puritanical restraints of mainstream American cultureo The real Harlem was a community of widespread poverty, its residents confined to low-wage jobs and, because housing discrimination barred them from other neighborhoods, forced to pay exorbitant rents- The Harlem Renaissanceo The term “New Negro,” associated in politics with pan-Africanism and the militancy of the Garvey movement, in art meant the rejection of established stereotypes and search for black values to put in their placeo This quest led the writers of what came to be called the Harlem Renaissance of the rootsof the black experience – Africa, the rural South’s folk traditions, and the life of the urban ghettoo Harlem Renaissance writings also contained a strong element of