HIST 1312 1st Edition Lecture 6Outline of Last Lecture I. Origins of the Cold Wara. The Two Powersb. The Roots of Containmentc. The Truman Doctrined. The Marshall Plane. The Reconstruction of Japanf. The Berlin Blockade and NATOg. The Growing Communist Challengeh. The Korean Wari. Imperialism and Decolonization II. The Cold War and Idea of Freedoma. Freedom and Totalitarianismb. The Rise of Human Rightsc. Ambiguities of Human RightsOutline of Current Lecture III. The Anticommunist Crusadea. Loyalty and Disloyaltyb. The Spy TrialsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used asa supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.c. McCarthy and McCarthyism d. An Atmosphere of Feare. The Uses of Anticommunismf. Anticommunist Politicsg. Cold War Civil RightsIV. The Eisenhower Eraa. Origins of the Vietnam WarV. Vietnam and the New Lefa. Lyndon Johnson’s Warb. The Antiwar Movementc. The CountercultureCurrent LectureThe Anticommunist Crusade- Nearly half a century, Cold War profoundly affected American lifeo There would be no return to “normalcy” as afer WWI- Military-industrial established created during WWII became permanent- National security became the stated reason for a host of government projectso Aid to higher educationo Building of a new national highway system (justified by the need to speed the evacuation of major cities in the event of a nuclear war)- Cold War encouraged a culture of secrecy and dishonesty- Cold War military spending helped to fuel economic growth and support scientific research that not only perfected weaponry but also led to improved aircraf, computers, medicines and other products with a large impact on civilian life- Cold War reshaped immigration policy – refugees from communism were allowed to enter the US regardless of national-origin quotas- International embarrassment caused by American racial policies contributed to the dismantling of segregation- Loyalty and Disloyaltyo Dividing the world between liberty and slavery automatically made those who could be linked to communism enemies of freedomo The assault on civil liberties came to be known as McCarthyismo 1947 – less than two weeks afer the Truman Doctrine was announced, the president establish a loyalty review system in which government employees wererequired to demonstrate their patriotism without being allowed to confront accusers or, in some cases, knowing the charges against them Homosexuals were also targeted who worked for the government, because they were deemed to be easily blackmailed by Soviet agents as well as supposedly lacking the manly qualities needed to maintain the country’s resolve in the fight against communismo Loyalty program failed to uncover any cases of espionage, however several hundred persons lost their jobo Also in 1947, the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) launched a series of hearings about communist influence in Hollywood Ten “unfriendly witnesses” refused to answer the committee’s questions about their political beliefs or to “name names” on the grounds that the hearings violated the First Amendment’s guarantees of freedom of speech and political association The Hollywood Ten were charged with contempt of Congress, and they served jail terms of six months to a year; they were also blacklisted- The Spy Trialso A series of highly publicized legal cases followed, which fueled the growing anticommunist hysteriao The most sensational trial involved Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, a working-class Jewish communist couple from New York City In 1951, they were convicted of conspiracy to pass secrets concerning the atomic bomb to Soviet agents during WWII The chief accuser was David Greenglass, Ethel’s brother The case against Julius rested on highly secret documents that could not be revealed in court Their deaths were carried out in 1953- McCarthy and McCarthyismo Joseph McCarthy, a little-known senator from Wisconsin, suddenly emerged as the chief national pursuer of subversives and gave a new name to the anticommunist crusadeo Feb. 1950 – he announced that he had a list of 205 communists working for the State Department The charge was preposterous, the numbers constantly changed, and McCarthy never identified a single person guilty of genuine disloyaltyo McCarthy’s downfall came in 1954, when a Senate committee investigated his charges that the army had harbored and “coddled” communistso Army-McCarthy hearings – revealed McCarthy as a bully who browbeat witnesses and made sweeping accusations with no basis in fact - An Atmosphere of Fearo States created their own committees, modeled afer HUACo Communists were banned from fishing, holding a driver’s license, and working as professional wrestlerso Late 1940s – 1950s – those who failed to testify about their past and present political beliefs and to inform on possible communists frequently lost their jobso Local anticommunists groups made libraries remove un-American books, such as Robin Hood- The Uses of Anticommunismo Undoubtedly there were Soviet spies in the US However, the US Communist Party was so tiny that it hardly posed an actual threato Government agencies like the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) used anticommunism to expand their power FBI developed thousands of files on American citizenso For business, anticommunism became a part of a campaign to identify labor unions and government intervention in the economy with socialism o Upholders of sexual morality and traditional gender roles raised the cry of subversion against feminism and homosexuality, both supposedly responsible foreroding the country’s fighting spirit- Anticommunist Politicso Late 1940s – 1960s: anticommunist crusade powerfully structured American politics and cultureo Truman vetoed the McCarran Internal Security Bill of 1950, which required “subversive groups” to register with the government, allowed the denial of passports to their members, and authorized their deportation or detention on presidential order However Congress overturned his vetoo McCarran Walter Act of 1952 – passed over the president’s veto; kept national-quota in place, whereas Truman wanted to do away with them It also authorized the deportation of immigrants identified as communists, even if they had become citizenso 1954 – the federal government launched Operation Wetback, which employed the