HIST 1312 Goldin Lecture 14 Outline of Last Lecture I The American Dilemma a Japanese American Internment b Blacks and the War c Blacks and the Military Services d Birth of the Civil Rights Movement e The Double V f The War and Race g An American Dilemma h Black Internationalism II The Freedom Movement a Origins of the Movement b Legal Assault on Segregation c Brown case d Montgomery Bus Boycot e Daybreak of Freedom f The Leadership of King g Massive Resistance h Eisenhower and Civil Rights III Civil Rights Revolution a The Rising tide of Protest b Birmingham c The March on Washington Outline of Current Lecture I Topics for Quiz Current Lecture Topic 3 Technology Before modern technology communications over distances involved a person or animal moving physically from one place or another Tyrant wanted to send a message and tatooed a message on a slave s bald head and waited for his hair to grow back and then he was sent to deliver the message so that even he was stopped and searched nobody could find the message These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Pony Express needed ten days to go from West coast to East coast Smoke signals o One of the oldest forms of communications Ancient Chinese Aboriginal people Native Americans o Vatican new pope Black smoke White smoke Flags on ships o Flag represents leter on alphabet o Each flag has a particular meaning Semaphore Line Semaphore Telegraph o 1792 it was established o Series of towers that had a paddle on top that would correspond to leters of the alphabet o Towers were set up in long lines o It was slow and awkward o It was a way to transmit message without moving o In France 3 000 miles of over 500 towers during Revolutionary War o US adopted a form where it was used in San Francisco and Boston Heliograph o Solar telegraph o Send messages by reflecting sunlight using mirrors o It was portable o It did not use electricity o Could be seen for thirty miles with the naked eye o 1894 a message was sent 183 miles between Utah and Colorado o Used in late 19th century and 20th century o Especially useful for military o Even now days signal mirrors are including in survival aircrafts Disadvantages o They did not work well in bad weather o It relied very heavily on how far people could see o These were all fairly slow ways to send messages o Only good for short and simple messages 1830s Electric Telegraph o Transmited messages by sending pulses of electric current through lines o It was a huge breakthrough o It was a huge improvement over previous ways to send messages o It did not depend on weather o It did not depend on how far people could see o It was accurate o Instant communication o It could be used to send long messages o Samuel Morse is credited for this invention o His assistant developed the Morse code AT T American Telephone Telegraph Morse was a painter A telegraph line was placed at the botom of the Atlantic so that messages could be sent from US to Europe 1850s railroads used telegraphs to coordinate routes 1864 first known instance of spam in Britain from a dentist Telegraph needed operators o Formed their own community and their own slang o They would gossip with one another o Because there was such a great need for operators it created opportunities for women to work especially during Civil War Western Union opened a school to train women for operator o Women were not paid as much as men Alexander Graham Bell o 1876 got a patent for the telephone o His first phone call was to Watson his assistant o Until the 1960s phone calls were completed by placing phone plugs in the correct number o Long distance calls had to be reserved ahead of time o The phone system also had hackers Phone phreaking John Rapper Late 1960s and 1970s phone system had been automated and worked on a series of tones an frequencies Phone phreak discovered how to cheat the system and make long distance phone calls for free 2600 Hertz was the frequency for the operator He was called the Captain Crunch man because he used the whistle from cereal box He was arrested Landlines v Cellphones o Phone automation o When people are not involved all automated it becomes easier to hack into the system o It is more convenient however it has created problems o Companies purposely have the automated systems because it is cheaper o Phone systems can be used to keep people away Transportation o Oldest form is walking o Horses o Carriage o Steam carriage first self propelled vehicle in human history Did not rely on wind horses or people to push pull 18th century steam was used in factories o Railroad 1840s came along and trains were beter than steam carriages o Public transportation This is how most people got around o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o Began in 1830s Horse drawn street cars Horse cars Horse Omni buses Horse drawn street cars ran on rails and carried around 7 million people in NY It was noisy smelly and horses needed care As technology improved some cities switched toward trains By the end of 19th century people began to use street cars trolleys 1889 Richmond VA was first to use trolleys 1902 street cars completely replaced horses 1890s Subways were installed One of the biggest disadvantage is that it costs a lot of money upfront in the beginning There is no guarantee that people will use public transportation Arlington TX is the biggest city in the country without public transportation Public transit is not nearly as important as it used be nowadays Because cars are used by millions of people cars have infiltrated into many aspects of our lives We export the most oil from Canada The first car was developed in the 1880s by Germans 1890s established the first car factory in US By the first years of the 20th century auto industry became established People did not really understand how to develop fix cars very well yet Fuel was difficult to be obtain Driving was difficult because roads that existed were not built for cars Because so few cars were in existent they were expensive and people could not afford them Cars had litle if any effect on people when they first came out By the 1930s most of the mechanical technology that cars have now a days had already been invented At first cars were novelties By 1920s after WWI there was an economic boom and the standard of living did rise for many Americans They could now afford to buy cars Auto