HDFS 401 1st Edition Lecture 16Outline of Last Lecture II. The Family System III. Parenting Styles IV. Why do parents have different parenting stylesV. Co-Parenting Outline of Current Lecture VI. Family Variation: Social Class & Culture a. Asianb. African-AmericanVII. The Changing American FamilyVIII.Working MothersIX. Parenting After Thirty a. Older Mothersb. Older Fathers X. Same Sex Parenting XI. Parenting AloneXII. Divorcea. Effects on ChildrenCurrent LectureFamily Variation: Social Class & Culture Cultural Patters: Asian - Confucian Principles o Family unit, cooperation, & obligationo Respect for elders (expected to take care of older adults)o Authoritarian, restrictive, directive (higher in control, mixed in discipline - - children expect the higher control, they feel it is positive for them)o High focus on academic success African-American - West African Traditionso Spirituality These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Communalism o Familial Obligation o Authoritarian, stress obedience, more likely to use physical discipline o Have more control, but lots of love and warmtho High risk to be in risky environment, therefore need more parenting control The Changing American Family “Parental Employment & Child Development” Working Mothers- The percentage of females in higher education is higher than males- Both working mothers & their children complain that they have too little time to spend togethero Research shows that there is actually little difference between working mothers and at home mothers spending time together - Working mothers are more likely to reallocate their time and priorities- Fathers in families with employed mothers have also increased their parenting involvement - Mothers are redefining their parenting role- Also depends on if the mother actually wants to work - No clear finding regarding effects on social development Research has shown… - More egalitarian views of gender roles- Model of achievement, independence- Daughters see women’s roles as involving choice, satisfaction, competence & assertiveness - Sons perceive women as more competent and men as warm and expressiveParenting After Thirty Reasons for later marriage & parenthood- Higher education- Identity exploration - Birth control - We live longer - Norms are changing!Older Mothers Feel…- More responsible about parenting - Enjoy it more- Express more positive affect with their infants - Spend more social time with their infants Downfalls… - Fertility problems - Older = less active Older Fathers…- Have more flexibility & freedom to balance the demands of work & family- Are 3X more likely to have regular responsibility for some part of their children’s daily care - Are more involved in the parental role & experience more positive relationships Same Sex Parents - Tend to share household duties more equally than do heterosexual coupleso Roles tend to shift with biological mothers (they become more of the caregiver totheir biological child)- Children develop normally, however struggle with acceptance of parent’s lifestyle from peers- Same sex parents intentionally plan on having children Parenting Alone As far as impacts go, children generally… - Perform lower on developmental measures - Have more social & psychological problems - May be less securely attached to their mothers - Behave more negatively - More likely to have lower SES- Have higher stress levelsDivorce - Today the rate is just under 4 divorces per 1,000 people, lowest it has been in more than 30 years - Women are less depended on men Effects on Children…- Takes around 2 years for a child to adjust to a lifestyle of divorced parents- Children may have more behavioral/ emotional problems during this time and even