HDFS 401 1st Edition Lecture 21Outline of Last Lecture II. School and Socializationa. Negative effects of different forms of schoolingIII. Class size & organizationIV. Teachers ImpactV. Teachers Expectations on SuccessOutline of Current Lecture VI. Electronic Media & Children’s Social Lives a. Children’s Understandingb. Positive Effects c. Negative Effects VII. Stereotypes of Minorities VIII.Desensitization IX. Television & Sexuality X. Parents Help with Outcomes XI. Internet & Cell Phone Current LectureElectronic Media & Children’s Social Lives Children watch TV more if:- They are poor - They are single-parent families - Their parents watch TV more - There are more TV sets in the house - There is a TV set in their bedroom - Children who spend the most time watching TV are also the most avid users of computers and video games These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Content of Television & Video Games- 91% of prime-time programs from 1973 through 1993 contained violence; little change since then… - 70% of “Saturday Morning” programs contained violence, especially cartoons- More than 85% of video games have violent content Do Children understand what they see?- Magic Window Thinking – the tendency of very young children to believe that television images are real-life people and objects o Sometimes conversations are necessary about distinguishing between the two- As children mature their cognitive skill increase, therefore:o Their ability to distinguish fantasy from reality improves o They understand cause and effect relations in television shows - Helping children to understand that what they see on TV and what is acceptable in real world is importantTelevision’s Positive Effects - Some channels have positive effects: PBS is one example - Educational TV programs have been shown to have positive effects on children’s cognitive & language development - Shows that depict “prosocial behavior” increase prosocial behaviors in young children o Helps more if parents watch the show with their children and encourage prosocial behavior o Effects endure through adolescence o Ex: Mr. Rodgers & Sesame Street Television’s Negative Effects: - Extensive TV watchers tend to overestimate the degree of danger and crime in the worldo And underestimate the trustworthiness and helpfulness of other people - Television and Video games displace othe activites o People who view TV extensively are less likely to participate in organized sports and other activities outside the home and spend less time with friends Television Stereotypes Minority Groups- Minorities are more likely to play criminals or domestic workers than characteristics withprofessional jobs - Children’s shows in particular, portray little diversity o However, rather than producing bigotry television may be strengthening existing negative attitudeso Ex: Doc McStuffinsTelevision & Video Game Violence – Leads to Aggression - TV violence can lead children to view violence as an acceptable and effective way to solve interpersonal conflict o Also temperament and parenting style plays a role Leads to Desensitization - Desensitization – the process by which people show diminished emotional reaction to a repeated stimulus - The Mean World Syndrome- we are loosing our empathy for other peopleo Results from the “bi-directional effect” - they don’t want to be involved in conflict o More tolerant of real-life violence Television & Sexuality - TV emphasizes a “recreational” orientation of sexo “FRIENDS Study” – more likely to view woman as sex objects, after watching the TV show - The more an adolescence watches TV, the more they assume peers are sexually active and are likely to engage in sexual intercourse themselves. How can we modify TV Negative Effects? - Children who watch TV are more likely to have behavior problems if their parents are not actively involved in their lives How Can Parents Help? - Watch TV programs with their children - Be active mediators and help children understand & interpret the programs they are watching - Express their disapproval of inappropriate content/behavior they see on TV - Encourage children to empathize with victims and take their perspective - Restrict the children’s TV exposure & video game choicesInternet & Cell Phone Connectivity - The most worrisome thing about the internet is that it exposes children to invasion of privacy, explicit pornography, online harassment and cyber bullying o There are a few gander differences in internet use in terms of usage - Internet Identity - adolescences can express aspects of their identity on the internet thatthey do not feel they can express