HDFS 401 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 10Chapter 1: Theories of Social Development/ Lectures 1-3 - Why do we study social development? - Interactions are a big part of our human existence, how we develop those interactions is important- Practical Applications of the research - Teachers/ Parents/ Doctors/Social Policy/ Grandparents/ Neighbors- Critical Questions in social development:1. How do biological and environmental influences affect social development?- Biological: “Nature” – affects their social development because this is the way that they were born, for example, a child’s temperament is something that a child is born with not something that they developed. However, a child’s temperament can change over time. - Environmental: “Nurture” – this affects the child’s development because this is the way the child is molded to become, the child’s environment will shape how the child grows up. 2. What role do children play in their own development?- They are using anything that they can to interact. - Transitional Model of Social Development – ongoing interactions between social partners across time that result in modifications of the social behavior of each3. Is development continuous or discontinuous?- According to Sieglar’s view, it depends on the lens you are looking at. Development can be continuous when looking at events that are smooth and gradual and happen over time. Development can also be Discontinuous and change abruptly. 4. Is social behavior the result of the situation or child?- Psychologists differ in the debate of personality factors and situation factors. They point out that children seek out their environments that they are biologically predisposed to. Example: An aggressive child might excel best in the environment of karate. 5. Is social development universal across culture? - Every culture holds the basics foundations of social life. There are some aspects of social development that are universal across culture and some aspects of social development that are acquired only through that child’s certain culture. Some aspects that are universal across culture are emotional expressions, language (universal “baby talk”) and communication. 6. How does social development vary across historical eras?- Over the years as we have seen distinct changes in the family sub system. We have seen shifting family structures that change the way we socialize. We changed the way that we communicate, through the use of technology. Women have been leaning the home and entering the workplace. These gradual shifts have changed how children socialize. 7. Is social development related to other domains?- Social development relates to all other aspects of life. 8. Is there single pathway of social development?There is no single pathway to social development; children take multiple courses in development.- - Mulifinality – same pathway but experience a trajectory that changes the pathway. (Ex:child’s parents getting divorced)- - Equifinality – start at different pathways but ended up in the same place (Ex: the disease of autism)9. What influences how we judge social behavior - What influences how we judge social behavior is: 1. The child – their gender, their SES, have a difficult temperament, hold a bad reputation, their attractiveness level. 2. The adult – the mental state of the adult (depressed parent). 3. The Context – the environment that you are in, (you will judge a child differently if they are in a classroom vs. the park)10. Do developmental psychologists “own” social development?- No. Social development is study by many job fields. To name a few: historians study historical eras that shaped children’s social outcome, clinical psychologists study abnormal social development, and Sociologists have studied how social class affects social development. Important Terms- Transactional – ongoing interchanges between social partners such as a parent and childacross time that result in modifications of the social behavior of each. - Social Dyads – social interaction between two people (Dyad = 2) - Multifinality – The divergence of developmental paths in which two indiviuals start out similarly but end at very different points. - Equiginality – The convergence of developmental paths in which children follow very different paths to reach the developmental end point. - Reciprocal determinism – the child influences the model, children contribute to their own social development, we interact and produce responses and sets environment (Cognitive Social Learning Theory) - Self – efficacy – “Pro social behavior” belief and ability to accomplish something (Cognitive Social Learning Theory)- Zone of Proximal Development – children are engaged where they are in a zone of needing to know more but also knowing enough to be engaged. Ready to learn knowledge but need someone to teach them. (Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory)- Microsystems – interactions from people that are closest to them, usually on a daily basis. (Bronfenbrenner) - Mesosystem – Interrelations among the components of the microsystem - Exosystem – systems that do not play a direct role on a child but still have an influence on them- Macrosystem - cultural values, economic patterns, laws- Chronosystem – the historical context, family systems vs. 50’s family, gender equality, technology advances - Critical period – a specific tie in an organism’s development during which external factors have a unique and irreversible - Normative vs. nonnormative events – Events in social development that every child experiences vs. events that is specific to the child Chapter 3: Biological Foundations/ Lectures 3 – 6 Important Terms and Concepts:Babies- Biological to social rhythms: babies learn to adjust to parent’s social structure (Ex: night means to act more calm – babies pick up on this over time) babies develop sleep –wake cycle/ the development of biological rhythms’ help babies deal with time- Visual preparation for social interaction – babies are attracted to visual social stimuli - Auditory preparation for social interaction – this sense is “well developed” before birth,around 4 months are able to understand language, prefer high pitched & exaggerated contours - Beyond faces and voices – babies learn from emotions, and body language- Why are babies prepared? o Babies are prepared to give social cues (Ex: different