HIST 1312 1st Edition Lecture 13 Outline of Last Lecture I The Culture Wars a The Second Klan b Closing the Golden Door c Race and the Law d Promoting Tolerance e The Emergence of Harlem f The Harlem Renaissance Outline of Current Lecture I The American Dilemma a Japanese American Internment b Blacks and the War c Blacks and the Military Services d Birth of the Civil Rights Movement e The Double V f The War and Race g An American Dilemma h Black Internationalism II The Freedom Movement a Origins of the Movement b Legal Assault on Segregation c Brown case d Montgomery Bus Boycot e Daybreak of Freedom f The Leadership of King g Massive Resistance h Eisenhower and Civil Rights III Civil Rights Revolution a The Rising tide of Protest b Birmingham c The March on Washington Current Lecture The American Dilemma Japanese American Internment These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute o Inspired by exaggerated fears of a Japanese invasion of the West Coast and pressured by whites who saw an opportunity to gain possession of JapaneseAmerican property o Military persuaded FDR to issue Executive Order 9066 promulgated in Feb 1942 Ordered the relocation of all persons of Japanese descent from the West Coast 110 000 men women and children relocated Did not apply to Hawaii as Japanese labor made up its economy o Internees were subjected to a quasi military discipline in the camps o Internment revealed how easily war can undermine basic freedom The courts refused to intervene o 1944 Korematsu v United States Supreme Court denied the appeal of Fred Korematsu a Japanese American citizen who had been arrested for refusing to present himself for internment Justice Hugo Black upheld the legality of the internment policy insisting that an order applying only to persons of Japanese descent was not based on race o Government established a loyalty oath program expecting Japanese Americans to swear allegiance to the government that had imprisoned them and to enlist in the army 200 young men were sent to prison for refusing the draf 20 000 joined o 1988 Congress apologized and gave every survivor 20 000 Blacks and the War o The wartime message of freedom portended a major transformation in the status of blacks o The war spurred a movement of black population from the rural South to the cities of the North and West 700 000 black migrants poured out of the South on what they called liberty trains seeking jobs in the industrial heartland Blacks and the Military Services o WWII began with no black members in air force or marines o Army restricted the number of black enlistees o Navy enlisted blacks only as cooks and waiters o More than 1 million blacks served in the war o GI Bill was even segregated and offered racial discrimination for blacks when they returned from war Birth of the Civil Rights Movement o War years witnessed the birth of the modern civil rights movement o Black leader A Philip Randolph in July 1941 led a March on Washington Demanded access to defense employment and end to segregation and a national antilynching law o Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802 banned discrimination in defense jobs and established Fair Employment Practice Commission FEPC to monitor compliance The Double V o February 1942 Pittsburgh Courier coined the phrase that came to symbolize black attitudes during the war the double V Victory over Germany and Japan it insisted must be accompanied by victory over segregation at home The War and Race o Broad political coalition called for an end to racial inequality in America o Even as the war gave birth to the modern civil rights movement it also planted the seeds for the South s massive resistance to desegregation during the 1950s o Smith v Allwright 1944 the Supreme Court outlawed all white primaries o In the final months of the war navy ended all segregation together An American Dilemma o Reflected the new concern with the status of black Americans more o Published in 1944 o Tells the account of the country s racial past present and future writen by the Swedish social scientist Gunnar Myrdal o Portrayed how deeply racism entrenched law politics economics and social behavior Black Internationalism o Black radicals such as David Walker and Martin Delany has sought to link the fate of African Americans with hat of peoples of African descent in other parts of the world o The global imposition of white supremacy brought forth a feeling of racial solidarity across national and geographical lines The Freedom Movement Origins of the Movement o With blacks traditional allies on the lef decimated by McCarthyism most union leaders unwilling to challenge racial inequalities within their own ranks and the NAACP concentrating on court batles new constituencies and new tactics were sorely needed o The US in the 1950s was still segregated unequal society o Half of the nation s black families lived in poverty o In the South evidence of Jim Crow abounded o In the North and West the law did not require segregation but custom barred blacks from many colleges hotels and restaurants and from most suburban housing o In 1950 seventeen southern and border states and Washington DC has laws requiring the racial segregation of public schools and several others permited local districts to impose it o In northern communities housing paterns and school district lines created de facto segregation separation in fact if not in law The Legal Assault on Segregation o In the Southwest the League of United Latin American Citizens LULAC the equivalent of the NAACP challenged restrictive housing employment discrimination and the segregation of Latino students Mendez v Westminster 1946 California Supreme Court ordered the schools of Orange County desegregated The Brown Case o Thurgood Marshall now launched a frontal assault on segregation itself o Brown v Board of Education 1952 Oliver Brown went to court because his daughter a third grader was forced to walk across dangerous railroad tracks each morning rather than being allowed to atend the all white school that was closer o 1954 It was ruled that Segregation in public education violated the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment The Montgomery Bus Boycot o December 1 1955 Rosa Parks a black tailor s assistant who had just completed her day s work in Montgomery Alabama department store refused to surrender her seat on a city