HIST 1312 1st Edition Lecture 12 Outline of Last Lecture I The Segregated South a b c d e f g h i II a b c d e f g h i j k The Redeemers in Power The Failure of the New South Dream Black Life in the South The Kansas Exodus The Decline of Black Politics The Elimination of Black Voting The Law of Segregation The Rise of Lynching Politics Religion and Memory Who is an American The Race Problem The Anti German Crusade Toward Immigration Restriction Group Apart Mexicans and Asian Americans The Color Line Roosevelt Wilson and Race W E B Du Bois and the Revival of Black Protest Closing Ranks The Great Migration Racial Violence North and South The Rise of Garveryism Outline of Current Lecture III The Culture Wars a The Second Klan b Closing the Golden Door c Race and the Law d Promoting Tolerance e The Emergence of Harlem f The Harlem Renaissance Current Lecture The Culture Wars The Second Klan o The wartime obsession with 100 percent Americanism continued into the 1920s These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute o In 1922 Oregon became the only sate ever to require all students to attend public schools o The Klan had been reborn inn Atlanta in 1915 after the lynching of Leo Frank a Jewish factory manager accused of killing a teenage girl o By the mid 1920s it claimed more than 3 million members nearly all white native born Protestants many of whom held respected positions in their communities o Unlike the Klan of Reconstruction the organization now sank deep roots in parts of the North and West o American civilization the new Klan insisted was endangered not only by blacks but by immigrants and all the forces that endangered individual liberty Closing the Golden Door o The Klan s influence faded after 1925 when its leader in Indiana was convicted of assaulting a young woman o The 1920s produced a fundamental change in immigration policy o Prior to WWI virtually all the white persons who wished to pass through the golden door into the US and become citizens were able to do so o During the 1920s however the pressure for wholesale immigration restriction became irresistible o In 1921 a temporary measure restricted immigration from Europe to 357 000 per year one third of the annual average before the war o Three years later Congress permanently limited European immigration 150 000 per year distributed according to a series of national quotas that severely restricted the numbers from southern and eastern Europe o However to satisfy the demands of large farmers in California who relied heavily on seasonal Mexican labor the 1924 law established no limits on immigration from the Western Hemisphere o The immigration law did bar the entry of all those ineligible for naturalized citizenship entire population of Asia o The 1924 law established for the first time a new category illegal alien With it came new enforcement mechanism the Border Patrol charged with policing land boundaries of the US and empowered to arrest and deport persons who entered the country in violation of the new nationality quotas or other restrictions Race and the Law o The new immigration aw reflected the heightened emphasis on race as a determinant of public policy o Race policy meant far more than black white relations o The 1924 immigration law also reflected the Progressive desire to improve the quality of democratic citizenship and to employ scientific methods to set public policy o White the court declared was not a scientific concept at all but part of common speech to be interpreted with the understanding of the common man Promoting Tolerance o In the face of immigration restriction Prohibition a revived KKK and widespread antiSemitism and anti Catholicism immigrant groups asserted the validity of cultural diversity and identified toleration of difference religious cultural and individual as the essence of American freedom o In effect they reinvented themselves as ethnic Americans claiming an equal share in the nation s life but in addition the right to remain in many respects culturally distinct The Emergence of Harlem o The 1920s also witnessed an upsurge of self consciousness among black Americans especially in the North s urban ghettos o New York s Harlem gained an international reputation as the capital of black America a mecca for immigrants from the South and immigrants from the West Indies o The 1920s became famous for slumming as groups of whites visited Harlem s dance halls jazz clubs and speakeasies in search for exotic adventure o The Harlem of white imagination was a place of primitive passions free from the puritanical restraints of mainstream American culture o The real Harlem was a community of widespread poverty its residents confined to lowwage jobs and because housing discrimination barred them from other neighborhoods forced to pay exorbitant rents The Harlem Renaissance o The term New Negro associated in politics with pan Africanism and the militancy of the Garvey movement in art meant the rejection of established stereotypes and search for black values to put in their place o This quest led the writers of what came to be called the Harlem Renaissance of the roots of the black experience Africa the rural South s folk traditions and the life of the urban ghetto o Harlem Renaissance writings also contained a strong element of protest