NRC 225 1st Edition Exam 1 Study Guide Lectures 1 11 Lecture 1 Cognitive Dissonance saying one thing and doing the other Very common with preservation of forests Humans use nature to sell products ex A jeep is shown in the woods We all know that cutting trees are bad so why do we cut them Market demand abundant supply renewable resource versatile out of sight out of mind Lecture 2 Learning ecological history from art Perception values and attitudes about forests are reinforced by the media art literature and experience Everyone is an environmentalist no one is anti environmentalist Complete preservation is not possible conservation is the only viable choice Lecture 3 Portugal and Spain they make corks from tree bark for hundreds of years The creation of plastic corks ruined most of the forests and endanger species Grandma Moses 1860 1961 Goal Learning from people and communities who lived in harmony with nature Painted because she had arthritis Lecture 4 The Man Who Planted Trees Set in deserted town in the Alps in the early 1900 s The land is deserted and barren People are depressed and dying and the spring that used to be there is dried up The former people of the village were charcoal burners and because of this had a lot of anger hatred suicide and homicide problems in their town The man who planted trees was name Elzeard Bouffier he had lost his wife and son and lived alone in the woods Each day he collected acorns and planted trees the next day One day the main character is traveling through the land and sees the man and asks him for water Elzeard Bouffier quietly invites him into his home but continues his work with the acorns The main character leaves and fights in the war of 1914 When he returns to the land the trees had grown taller there were now people living happily there and the spring had running water The wild animals had returned At the end of the story a forest service official comes to the town and claimed that the man who planted trees was the wisest man in the world and had truly found happiness Lecture 5 The Fur Trade 1600 1850 Although the English people thought they were getting a good deal the Indians made off better because fur to the Indians was relatively value less compared to the goods they were getting Indians wouldn t have made it without cash from the fur trade to get them through the winter 1650 Trading in Springfield Massachusetts Initial establishment of the Bay Colony took place here 1810 Trading locations become cities Fort Dearborn Illinois becomes Chicago St Louis big part in trading because its near the Mississippi Most important fur trade in the world is Montreal on St Laurent River Hunting of beavers increases rapidly Famous Trading Companies Northwest Company The Great Hall Fort William Ontario Hudson Bay Company ultimately won out eventually buy Northwest Company Annual Rendezvous of Northwest Company Surveyors and Guides and traders Planned out the next year of trading Exploration 1789 1793 Sir Alexander Mackenzie from England no maps or knowledge of forests and people Lewis and Clark America David Thompson worked for Hudson Bay Company talented at mapping out Made the great map Lecture 6 Course of Events Exploration contact and trade from East to West Made possible because of network of rivers and lakes Strategic sites for Trading Posts local economy Geography w r to tribes largely unplanned Often times they couldn t even speak the same languages Cooperation and alliances Traders and native people intermarriage Both sides benefit from the trades Coexistence competition and conflict Loss of traditional skills dependence on traders Displacement by logging farming settlements So efficient that it was the fore runner of the more obvious changes Landscape was forever transformed Conflicts between Native Americans rose because they were competing to trade and now had weapons tribe with bigger and better weapons won others cease to exist Forest Ecosystem Effects 1700 present Of the extirpation of beaver On wetlands Streams and rivers Waterfowl Fish communities Of the reduction elimination of predators large and small Prey Population cycles Forest vegetation Forest succession Lecture 7 Massachusetts Forests 1700 1800 loss of forest 1800 1900 forest growing 1900 2000 loss 1700 landscape is only shaped by natural disturbances people live among trees 1730 clearing of about 2 3 acres for farming 1830 Farming is growing rapidly 60 90 of forests are cleared 1850 introduction of steam boats landscapes are destroyed for wood 1853 Pope and Talbot Saw mill in Maine brought to Washington huge success 1861 Civil War used Springfield Rifled Muskets 4 million made needed charcoal trees for wood 1870 Age of Steel Transcontinental Railway finished Pushing farther west Native Americans race to get to the west coast Lecture 8 Night Flying Women Close knit community who respected their elders very organized clans Forest was a living thing that humans were a part of not a natural resource Ojibway people used seasonal patterns to comprise a typical year ex Rice and fish Dreams and visions influenced clan if someone has the gift they take it very seriously Over several generation the white strangers move in Some embrace it others do not pushed deeper and deeper into the forest Ojibway try to reconcile or combine their old ways of life with their new ways by trying to pass on their new beliefs to their kids and trying to use new technologies Ojibway came up with a treaty to control the white strangers but it didn t work Lecture 9 Logging very strategic process but still very dangerous and difficult work Organized camps for loggers Logging moves out west but the trees are too big and the old techniques don t work New technologies Shay locomotive pushing logs up 13 5 grade Skyline Logging 2 trillion board feet of wood used and taken from forests need for conservation begins Inexhaustibility animals going extinct and forests are disappearing Lecture 10 Several famous artists draw inspiration from the Catskilss Washing Irving First American writing of cascades James Fennimore Cooper famous writer The Leatherstocking Tales John Burrows first bonified naturalist who wrote essays about Catskills Thomas Cole painter Asher Durand painter Catskill becomes easily accessible Catskill Mountain House in the 1900 s instead of camping Lots of ways to get there trains boats liners Tannery in the Catskills Prattville Tannery finest leather in the world Destroyed 90 of hemlocks