MCB 100 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 12Lecture 1 (January 21)Introduction to MicrobiologyWhat is microbiology? How are the sizes of microorganisms measured? What is the order of living things from smallest in size to largest in size? -Microbiology: study of small living things (micro-:small)-Study of:-Bacteria -Archaea -Viruses-Protozoa-Lower fungi (yeasts and molds) -Algae-How small are organisms? -Creature was originally considered to be a microorganism if was too small to be seen with naked eye. (<0.1mm), BUT some bacteria discovered are big enough to be visible. -Contemporary Idea-Size is no longer critical trait that determines if an organism is a microorganism ornot-MICROORGANISMS DO NOT FORM DIFFERENTIATED TISSUES-ALL LIVING ORGANISMS ARE COMPOSED OF CELLS -Measurements (metric system)-Angstrom- measuring atoms-Micron- measuring cells -Little things:-(Smallest to largest)-Atoms -Small molecules (AA’s, nucleotides, sugars)-Biological macromolecules (proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, lipids)-Subcellular structures (viruses, ribosomes, microtubules)-Rickettia, chlamydia, mycoplasma, nanobacteria-Most bacteria and archaea-Yeasts and glagellated protozoa-Typical plant and animal cells, amoebae (amebas)-Ciliated protozoa-Zooplankton (small multicellular animals)Lecture 2 (January 23) What are the types and major groups of microorganisms? What are their properties? What are the traits of all living cells? -Types of microorganisms -Cellular organisms (alive)oProkaryotes (no nuclear membrane)oEukaryotes (normal nucleus) -Subcellular aggregates of molecules (alive?)oViruses, viroids, and prionsTraits of all living cells -Able to grow and reproduce (can convert nonliving nutrients into living cytoplasm)-Genetic material is DNA-Metabolism (hundreds of controlled biochemical reactions that are catalyzed by enzymes)-Able to make or acquire ATP (energy rich molecule)-Able to synthesize proteins (this requires energy from ATP, ribosomes, mRNA, a set of tRNAs and 20 amino acids)-Bound by an active cell membrane (a diffusion barrier)Major groups of microorganisms -Bacteria oProkaryotic cells (no nucleus)oCell walls (some) composed of peptidoglycan (polysaccharide)oSome are photosynthetic oSome can fix nitrogenoReproduce asexuallyoWide variety of metabolic lifestylesoMany excrete enzymes to digest to complex moleculesoSome cause human disease -ArchaeaoProkaryotic cells (no nucleus)oCell walls composed of protein or pseudopeptidoglycanoWide variety of metabolic lifestyles oSome produce methane oSome are extremophiles (hyperthermophiles) so can live in high saline/arsenic rich places like: Monolake in California, acidic hot springs in Yellowstone, oxygen-depleted mud at the bottom of swamps oReproduce asexually oDo not excrete enzymes to digest complex moleculesoDo not cause human diseaseoRNA polymerase is similar to eukaryotic enzymes-Fungi oEukaryotic cellsoCell wall composed of chitinoNot photosyntheticoMost prefer aerobic conditionsoNutrient molecules absorbed by osmosisoBoth sexual and asexual reproductionoMost have mitochondria oFungi include:-MoldTypically multicellular organismsGrow as long filaments that intertwineReproduce by sexual and asexual spores (cells that produce a new individual without fusing with another cell)-YeastUnicellular; typically oval to roundReproduce asexually by budding (process where a daughter cell grows off the mother cell) -ProtozoaoEukaryotic cells; single-celledoNo cell walloNot photosyntheticoSome absorb nutrient molecules by osmosis, others engulf food particles by phagocytosisoBoth sexual and asexual reproductionoMost have mitochondriaoMost prefer aerobic conditionsoLocomotive structures:-Pseudopods: extensions of a cell that flow in the direction of travel-Cilia: numerous short protrusions of a cell; beat rhythmically to propel protozoan through its environment.-Flagella: extensions of a cell but are fewer, longer, and more whip-like than cilia -AlgaeoEukaryotic cells; unicellular/multicellularoMost have cell walls composed of celluloseoPhotosyntheticoBoth sexual and asexual reproductionoMost have mitochondriaoMost prefer aerobic conditions oProduce oxygen and fix carbon dioxideoLarge algae (seaweeds and ke;ps in world's oceans); unicellular algae (freshwater ponds, streams, lakes, oceans)-VirusesoNot cellularoSmaller than the smallest cellsoNo active cell membraneoNo ribosomes etc. for protein synthesisoNo ATP generating metabolismoMust be inside host cell to reproduce oGenetic material can be DNA or RNA, ss or ds oWere not seen until electron microscopes were invented in 1932)oViroids: infectious particles seen in plants, similar to RNA viruses, except they lack a capsidoPrions: infectious particles that lack nucleic acid. They are altered forms of normal proteins that appear to be able to change normal proteins to an abnormal shape upon contact. The abnormal form of the protein is associated with disease. -Parasitic worms are the largest organisms studied by microbiologists!Lecture 3 (January 26)What is the scientific method? Who are the scientists that contributed to the history of microbiology? What were their discoveries? What are some other studies that are in ways related to microbiology? Scientific Method-Observations lead to the formation of a question-Create a hypothesis- a potential answer to the question-Design and conduct experiments to test hypothesis-Based on the results of the experiments the hypothesis is rejected, modified, or acceptedGirolamo Fracostoro (1546)-Suggests that invisible organisms may be involved in causing diseaseFrancesco Redi (1668)-Demonstrates fallacies in Aristotle's theory of abiogenesis, or spontaneous generation (idea that living things can arose from nonliving matter); showed that maggots don’t appear spontaneously in meat. Complex animals don’t arise due to spontaneous generation.Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1676)-Observes bacteria and protozoans using a simple microscope of his own construction-Discovered microorganisms/microbes (organisms too small to be seen without a microscope) and that microorganisms revived the spontaneous generation debate Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)-Developed taxonomy system: system for naming plants and animals and grouping similarorganisms togetherLazzaro Spallanzani (1776)-Conducted more experiments that disprove theory of spontaneous generation Louis Pasteur (1861)-Killed off the idea of spontaneous generation by showing that bacteria