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UIUC MCB 100 - Ch. 11: Prokaryotic Microorganisms (cont.)

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MCB 100 1st Edition Lecture 30 Outline of Last Lecture I. BacillusOutline of Current Lecture I. Mycoplasma II. Listeria III. Lactobacillus IV. StreptococcusV. Pneumonia VI. Bacterial meningitis Current LectureI. Mycoplasmaa. Very small (0.2-0.8 microns)b. Lack cell wallsc. Ergosterol in cytoplasmic membraned. Can be grown in acellular cultures e. Ex. Mycoplasma pneumonia (atypical pneumonia/walking pneumonia)i. Lack cell walls, so they are pleiomorphic (variety of shapes)ii. Strictly aerobic and forms a capsuleiii. Walking pneumonia iv. Symptoms: mild fever (101 degrees), chills, malaise, headache, sore throat, sweating, coughing, blood in sputum, pus in bronchi and lungs, 3% mortalityv. Symptoms lasts longer than streptococcal pneumonia and organism is difficult to culture, therefore atypical vi. Takes 2-6 weeks before mycoplasma colonies can be seenvii. Mode of transmission: nasal secretionsviii. Commonly seen in college and high school students- 12 to 21 year oldsix. Treated with erythromycin or tetracyclinex. Very tiny coccobacillus, with no cell wall (gram negative but is most closely related to gram positive spore forming bacteria)- since no cell wall, treatment with penicillin is uselessxi. Diagnosis is made by detection of "cold agglutinins tested for by incubating a sample plus the test of reagents on icexii. Incubation period is 7-14 daysxiii. Gradual onsetThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.b. Myco = fungi c. Mycoplasma are not at all fungi, they just have ergosterol in their cytoplasmic membranes, which is the sterol found in fungal cellsd. Mycoplasma cells stain gram negative, because they lack a cell wall, but 16S rRNA shows that they are most closely related to Clostridiuma. Ureaplasma urealyticumi. Mycoplasma (no cell wall)ii. Coccobacillus that stains gram negativeiii. Responsible for 1/2 of all infections that make couples infertileiv. Causes low sperm count, lessens motilityv. Major cause of recurrent miscarriage and fetal deathvi. 50-80% of visitors to VD clinics carryvii. Treat both partners with tetracyclineII. Listeriaa. Listeria monocytogenes b. Non-spore forming rodc. Food borne illness (dairy products- unpasteurized cheese and milk) d. Facultative intracellular parasite (survives phagocytosis and lives within the cytoplasm of macrophages and epithelial cells)e. Capable of moving directly from cell to cellf. 20-30% mortality rate in symtomatic casesg. Grows over wide range of pH and temperatures II. Lactobacillusa. Lactobacillus bulgaricus i. Non-spore forming rodii. Lactic acid fermentationiii. Used in cheese and yogurt productionb. Lactobacillus acidphilusi. Used to make "sweet acidophilus milk"ii. Helps to restore normal intestinal microflora after antibiotic treatmentiii. May be involved in tooth decay II. Streptococcusa. Microaerophilic, catalase negative (unable to break down H2O2)b. Oral speciesc. Capsule formation is commond. Streptococcus pyogenesi. Group A strepii. Beta hemolytic (complete clearing around colony on blood agar)iii. Pharyngitis (strep throat)iv. Scarlet fever (strep throat with fever-inducing exotoxin caused by a temperate bacteriophage)v. Pyoderma (impetego)vi. Pyo = pus; derma = skinvii. Erysipelas (erythros: red, pella: skin)viii. Necrotizing fasciitis (extensive destruction of deep subcutaneous muscle and fat- flesh eating bacteria) b. Reddened throat of pharungitisi. Streptococcal pharyngitis is an inflammation of the throat caused by group A strep. This is usually caused by beta-hemolytic streptococci such as streptococcus pyogenesii. Strep infections cause about 35% of sore throats in children iii. Commonly called strep throat or septic sore throatb. Streptococcus pyogenes i. Spread by both droplets and by fomitesii. 1-3 day incubation period iii. Symptoms: chills and feveriv. Nausea and vomiting, red, swollen throat, pus packets (grayish), white patches may appear on the tonsils and throatv. Diagnose: rapid strep screen (RSS) that takes about 20 minutes; if RSS is positive then do a culture and check for sensitivity to antibioticsvi. Treatment is commonly penicillins and tetracyclines but 41% of strep strains are resistant to penicillin and 15% are resistant to 3 or more antibioticsvii. If septic sore throat is untreated, 97% will recover but 3% get sequelae, such as: scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis and chorea b. Streptococccal skin infectioni. Necrotizing fasciitis1. Necro: death; fascii: short for superficial fascia or hypodermis ii. Impetigoiii. Erysipelas V. Pneumonia- inflammation of the lungs a. Infection of the lungs; inflamed air spaces filled with fluid; could be bacterial, viral, or even fungalb. Symptoms: cough (bloody sputum), chest pain, feverc. Pneumococcal pneumonia is the most severe, usually caused by streptococcus pneumoniad. Gram negative coccus, sometimes called "old man's friend" because it is a common cause of death in elderly and immuocompromised e. 20-40% of people have it as normal flora in the nasopharynxf. If host resistance is reduced, infection is more likelyg. Pneumonia often follows viral infections; infection is more likely in extremes of life (<2 year olds and >65 year olds) h. Incubation period is 1-3 daysi. Acute, swift infection of lungs, characterized by fever (106 degrees F), chills, fluid infiltration, and lung damage from inflammatory response. The alveoli are damaged allowing fluid and blood to enter lung j. Can be treated with amoxicillin, but the elderly often can't be treated in time. With medication the infection lasts 1-2 days, other wise 10 days.k. A vaccine, pneumocax, is given mainly to the elderly, it protects for about 5 yearsl. Common cause of death in AIDS patients m. Streptococcus pneumoniae:i. Major cause of bacterial pneumonia was isolated in 1881 by Louis Pasteur (and by Escolar and Sternberg, independently)ii. Streptocuccus Pneumoniae is gram positive and tends to be seen in pairs (diplococci)iii. Virulence factors:1. It is alpha hemolytic2. Antiphagocytic capsule can interfere with recognition by macrophages3. Pneumolysin has the ability to lyse host cells and can interfere with the immune response4. Can cause many types of infections other than pneumonia, including: acute sinusitis, otitis media, meningitis, bactermia, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, pericarditis, peritonitis, and brain abscess VI.


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UIUC MCB 100 - Ch. 11: Prokaryotic Microorganisms (cont.)

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