MCB 100 1st Edition Lecture 19 Outline of Last Lecture I. Redox reactions II. Types of metabolism III. Metabolic pathways IV. GlycolysisV. The Kreb’s cycleVI. Electron transport chain Outline of Current Lecture I. Anaerobic RespirationII. FermentationIII. PhotoautotrophyIV. ChemoautotrophyV. More metabolic pathwaysa. Entner-Doudoroff pathwayb. GluconeogenesisVI.Central dogma of molecular biologyVII.Roles of proteins, RNA, and DNAVIII.Semi-conservative mechanism of DNA replication Current LectureI. Anaerobic respirationa. NADH +H+ is oxidized back to NAD+ using membrane bound electron transfer chainb. Terminal electron acceptor is not oxygen but is oxidized mineral II. Denitrificationa. Form of anaerobic respiration that uses nitrate and nitrite as terminal electron acceptor (nitrate and nitrite get reduced to nitrogen or nitrous oxide) b. In summary: is anaerobic, organic matter is oxidized, nitrate is converted to nitrogen II. Fermentationa. ATP made by substrate level phosphorylationb. Terminal electron acceptors = organic compounds c. Anaerobicd. Doesn’t need lighte. Doesn’t need an oxidized mineral f. Inefficient (extracts only a part of the potential energy in food molecules) These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.g. Ex. Lactic acid fermentation; ethanol fermentation; carbon dioxide, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, acetone, etc. h. Yields 2 ATPs/glucose consumedIV. Photoautotrophy (photosynthesis- the light reactions)a. Energy from lightb. Carbon from CO2 c. Generates ATP and NADPHd. ATP = source of energy needed to convert CO2 to sugare. NADPH = reducing agent f. Calvin cycle (dark reactions) = used for fixation of carbon in both photoautotrophic and chemoautotrophic organisms. Making sugar from CO2 needs ATP and NADPH V. Chemoautotrophya. Energy from inorganic redox reactionsb. Carbon from CO2 c. Requires some reduced compound and oxidized compount as starting materials for redox reactions that yields energy so ATP and NADPH can be made d. Calvin cycle used to collect CO2 VI. More metabolic pathwaysa. Entner- Doudoroff pathwayi. Alternative way of converting 1 glucose --> 2 pyruvatesii. Needs only 1 ATP per glucose to get reactions startediii. Yields profit of 1 ATP per glucose --> 2 pyruvatesb. Gluconeogenesisi. Reverse of glycolysis, synthesis of sugar from pyruvateii. Needs input of 6 ATPs to convert 2 pyruvates to 1 glucoseiii. Many of reactions are reversed glycolysis reactions iv. 2 of irreversible glycolysis reactions are bypasseda. Synthesis of amino acids from glycolysis and Krebs cycle intermediatesb. Synthesis of glycolysis and Krebs cycle intermediates from amino acidsc. Synthesis and degradation of fatty acidsiii. Starting material = acetyl- CoA (also starting material for Kreb’s Cycle!)d. Alcohol metabolism II. The central dogma of molecular biology a. The genetic material in a living organism is DNA. Genetic information is passed from generation by a copy of the DNA b. Reproduction of a DNA molecule is called replicationc. Information within the DNA that tells the cell how to make a specific protein is copied onto a molecule of mRNA. Synthesis of RNA = transcription d. The information in the NRA (sequence of nucleotides is used to direct the synthesis of a protein, which is a sequence of amino acids. The synthesis of a protein converts info in the nucleotide language into the amino acid language. (protein synthesis is called translation)III. Roles of proteins, RNA, and DNA a. Enzymes are proteinsb. Most things a cell does depend on proteins c. Synthesis of proteins is controlled by mRNAd. Synthesis of RNA is directed by DNAe. Synthesis of DNA is directed by DNA f. DNA is the storage site of genetic information IV. Semi-conservative mechanism of DNA replicationa. Replication is the duplication of a DNA molecule. Each DNA strand acts as a template for directing synthesis of the other strand; replication = bidirectional processb. DNA polymerase III = enzyme that makes new DNA c. New double stranded DNA molecules will have one strand from old DNA molecule and one strand from new DNA
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