MCB 100 1st Edition Lecture 3 Outline of Last Lecture I. Types of microorganisms II. Traits of living cells III. Major groups of microorganisms and their properties Outline of Current Lecture I. Questions that drove the development of microbiology II. Scientific method III. Significant individuals in history and their achievements/discoveries Current LectureI. Four questions drove the development of microbiologya. Can living organisms arise by Spontaneous Generation?b. What causes fermentation?c. What causes disease?d. How can we prevent and treat infectious diseases?II. Scientific Methoda. Observations lead to the formation of a questionb. Create a hypothesis- a potential answer to the questionc. Design and conduct experiments to test hypothesisd. Based on the results of the experiments the hypothesis is rejected, modified, or acceptedIII. Girolamo Fracostoro (1546)a. Suggests that invisible organisms may be involved in causing diseaseIV. Francesco Redi (1668)a. Demonstrates fallacies in Aristotle's theory of abiogenesis, or spontaneous generation (idea that living things can arose from nonliving matter); showed that maggots don’t appear spontaneously in meat. Complex animals don’t arise due to spontaneous generation.V. Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1676)a. Observes bacteria and protozoans using a simple microscope of his own constructionThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.b. Discovered microorganisms/microbes (organisms too small to be seen without a microscope) and that microorganisms revived the spontaneous generation debate VI. Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)a. Developed taxonomy system: system for naming plants and animals and groupingsimilar organisms togetherVII. Lazzaro Spallanzani (1776)a. Conducted more experiments that disprove theory of spontaneous generation VIII. Louis Pasteur (1861)b. Killed off the idea of spontaneous generation by showing that bacteria do not just appear in sterilized media (goose-necked flasks kept broth dust free but allowed diffusion of oxygen)c. Discovered that yeasts are facultative microbes: organisms that can live with or without oxygen d. Developed pasteurization: process of heating grape juice just enough to kill most contaminating bacteria without changing the juice's basic qualities- in order to inoculate with yeast for alcohol fermentation. e. Began field of industrial microbiology/biotechnology (with Buchner)- microbes can be intentionally used to manufacture productsf. Developed germ theory of disease: microorganisms are responsible for diseases (applies to infectious diseases only!) IX. Edward Buchner (1860-1917)a. Showed that fermentation doesn’t require living cells- presence of enzymes: cell-produced proteins that promote chemical reactions b. Began field of biochemistry and study of metabolism: sum of all chemical reactions within an organismX. Ivanowski a. Shows the agent that causes tobacco mosaic disease is too small to be a cell (virus) XI. Robert Koch (1843-1910)a. Etiology: study of causation of diseaseb. Discovered cause of anthrax (bacteria)c. Koch's method of isolation; use of petri dishes, staining techniques, use of steam to sterilize, 1st photomicrograph of bacteria, etc. d. Found cause of tuberculosis (bacteria) e. Koch's postulates:a. Suspected causative agent must be found in every case of the disease andbe absent from healthy hostsb. Agent must be isolated and grown outside the hostc. When agent is introduced to healthy, susceptible host, host must get the diseased. Same agent must be found in the diseased experimental hostXII. Hans Christian Gram (1853-1938)a. Gram staining- application of a series of dyes, leaves microbes purple and pink; 1st group of cells are Grams positive and 2nd group as Gram negativeXIII. Ignaz Semmelweis (1847) a. Required medical students to wash their hands with chlorinated lime waterXIV. Joseph Lister (1867)a. Began spraying wounds, surgical incisions, and dressings with carbolic acidb. Founder of antiseptic surgeryXV. Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) a. Cleaning brushes in hospitals, replace filthy clothes, removed sources of infectionb. Nursing educationXVI. John Snow (1813-1858)a. Suspected the spread of cholera was by a contaminating agent in waterb. Epidemiology: study of the occurrence, distribution, and spread of disease in humans XVII. Edward Jenner (1749-1823)a. Found immunity to smallpox when injected a boy with smallpox pus b. Began field of immunology: study of the body's specific defenses against pathogensc. Vaccine: all weakened, protective strains of pathogens XVIII. Paul Erlich (1908)a. Develops a compound that could be used to treat syphillis --> developed chemotherapy XIX. More studies a. Genetics: scientific study of inheritance (started mid 1800s)b. Molecular biology: combines biochemistry, cell biology, and genetics to explain cell function at the molecular level- genome sequencingc. Environmental microbiology: study role of microorganisms in