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UIUC MCB 100 - Ch. 11: Prokaryotic Microorganisms (cont.)

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MCB 100 1st Edition Lecture 32 Outline of Last Lecture I. EnterococcusII. Lactococcus lactisIII. StaphylococcusIV. High G + C gram-positive bacteria (actinobacteria)V. Propionibacteria Outline of Current Lecture I. MycobacteriumII. ActinomycetesIII. Gram Negative BacteriaIV. Bacteria that are symbiotic with plantsV. BrucellaVI. Rickettsia VII. Neisseria VIII. Bordetella IX. Pseudomonas Current LectureI. Mycobacteriuma. Slow growing, non-spore forming rods that have waxy mycolic acids in their cell walls(positive in the acid-fast stain)b. Tuberculosis (TB)i. Causes chronic lung infection that can spread to other parts of the bodyii. Can grow inside phagolysosomesiii. Infected cells become surrounded by lymphocytes and granulocytes leading to the formation of tissue lumps that appear similar to cheese curds iv. Positive in Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast stain v. Transmission by inhaling aerosol from an infected person (active form) vi. Very resistant to drying and can live in a droplet of sputum for up to 2 weeks vii. Transmission is usually associated ith prolonged contact but the infectious doseis quite small, about 10 cells viii. Two forms of infection: latent and active1. Latent TB: body inhibits spread of bacteria; bacteria become inactive but remain alive in infected phagocytes and lymphocytes; no symptoms shown; do not spread These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.2. Active TB: bacteria can infect any tissue; immune system can't stop it; symptoms: night sweats, fever, fatigue, weight loss, chest pain, persistent cough, possibly bloody sputum i. Hansen's Disease1. Leprosy2. Mycobacterium leprae; acid-fast rod 3. Transmission not well understood but probably involves repeated direct contact with lesions4. Bacteria grown in Armadillo footpads5. 12 day generation timea. 3 month to 20 year incubation period2. In humans, the bacteria multiply in Schwann cells (glia cells of PNS)3. Nerve damage leads to loss of sensationii. Leprosy1. More common within 15 degrees north/south of the equator2. Seen more commonly in underdeveloped countries 3. Linked to poor nutrition and immunodeficiency4. Even if treated for months, the bacteria are seldom completely removed from the body5. Antibiotic treatment really only stops progression of the disease6. If disease is lepratomous, patients need a maintenance dose of antibioticsfor lifeII. Actinomycetesa. Wide variety of filamentous soil bacteriab. Many produce antibioticsc. Ex. Streptomyces griseus- makes streptomycin (an aminoglycoside that inhibits bacterial ribosomes. Sores form a the types of the mature filaments- common scab on potato is caused by streptomycetes) III. Gram Negative bacteriaa. Formerly called Gracilicutesb. phyla have been recognized so the bacteria are grouped according to similarities seen in their 16 rRNA sequences c. Phylum = proteobacteriad. Class = alphaproteobacteria, betaproteobacteria, gammaproteobacteria, deltaproteobacteria, episilonproteobacteriae. Minor phyla- Chlamydiae, spirochaetes, bacteroidetes II. Bacteria that are symbiotic with plantsa. Azospirillumi. nitrogen fixing associated with the roots of tropical grasses including sugar caneii. bacteria colonize the surface of the grass rootsb. Rhizobiumi. forms endosymbiotic nitrogen fixing association with roots of legumes (peas, beans, clover, alfalfa)ii. bacteria colonize plant cells within root nodulesiii. bacteria converts atmospheric nitrogen N2 to ammonia and then provides organic nitrogenous compounds such as glutamine or ureides to the plantiv. plant provides bacteria organic compounds made my photosynthesis b. Agrobacteriumi. Infects physical wounds of dicotyledenous plantsii. Plasmid DNA is transferred from bacterium into plant cells causing the formation of tunors called crown gall--> crown gall tumor tissue is modified by bacterial DNA to produce and excrete unusual amino acids called opines that the bacterium uses for foodiii. Ability to genetically modify plant cells has been used to produce genetically modified crops b. Nitrobacteri. A nitrifying bacterium that helps to convert ammonia to nitrate aerobically (chemolithotrophic metabolism) ii. Ammonia NH3 is oxidized to nitrite (NO2-) by Nitrosomonasiii. Nitrobacter oxidizes nitrite to nitrate NO3- a. Purple Non-sulfur bacteria (Rhodospirillaceae) i. Anoxygenic phtosynthesis- can use light energy to produce PMF b. Acetobacter and gluconobacter i. Used to make vinegar- incomplete oxidation of ethanol to acetic acidii. Aerobic process- regarded as incomplete respirationiii. Form nitrogen-fixing symbioses with some tropical plants (sugar cane, tea, coffee, bananas, pineapples) V. Brucellaa. Gram-negative pathogen b. Does not have obvious virulence factors like capsules, fimbrae, flagella, cytolysins, exotoxins, exoproteases, or other exoenzymesc. Well adapted to living within compartments in phagocytes and other cellsd. Found all over the world e. Infects various types of mammals (marine mammals, horses, humans) f. Brucella abortusi. Brucellosis or undulant fever ii. Genitourinary tract infection of sheep, cattle, pigs, humans, etc.iii. Enters body through breaks in the mucous membranes of the digestive or respiratory tracts but does not colonize the gutiv. Systemic disease of cardiovascular system that may be encountered in food or milkv. Livse as an intracellular parasite in the uterus, placenta, and epididymis vi. Usually mild but can cause spontantous abortions in pregnant mammals II. Rickettsia a. Very small obligate intracellular parasiteb. Can absorb ATP from host cells c. Cannot be cultured outside host cellsd. Transmitted by anthropods especially lice and ticks a. Prowaekii causes typhus b. Rickettsii causes Rocky Mountain Spotted Tick fever i. Small, gram-negative, obligate intracellular pathogenii. Dies quickly when outside host cell (ATP parasite)iii. Transmission is by ticks of Dermacentor family, which bites rodents and sometimes humans iv. Most commonly seen in North Carolina, Tennessee, Missouri, Arkansas, Virginia, Maryland, Oklahoma, South Carolina v. Symptoms: non-itchy spotted rash, fever, headache, chills, muscle aches, nausea, vomiting, petechiae VII. Neisseria A. Bean shaped diplococciB. Gram stain results may be misleading as they sometimes appear purple C. Neisseria gonorrhea- common sexually transmitted diseasei. Gram-negative, bean-shaped, diplococcus ii.


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UIUC MCB 100 - Ch. 11: Prokaryotic Microorganisms (cont.)

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