HIST 1312 1st Edition Lecture 4 Outline of Last Lecture I Fighting World War II a Good Neighbors b The Road to War c Isolationism d War in Europe e Toward Intervention f Pearl Harbor g The War in the Pacific h The War in Europe II The Home Front a Mobilizing for the War b Business and the War c Labor in Wartime d Fighting for the Four Freedoms e The Fifth Freedom f Women at War Outline of Current Lecture III Visions of Postwar Freedom a Toward an American Century b The Way of Life of Freedom c The Road to Serfdom IV The American Dilemma a Patriotic Assimilation b The Bracero Program c Indians during the War d Asian Americans in Wartime e Japanese American Internment f Blacks and the War g Blacks and the Military Services h Birth of the Civil Rights Movement i The Double V j The War and Race k An American Dilemma l Black Internationalism V The End of the War These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute a b c d e f g The Most Terrible Weapon The Dawn of the Atomic Age The Nature of the War Planning the Postwar World Yalta and Bretton Woods The United Nations Peace but Not Harmony Current Lecture Visions of Postwar Freedom Toward an American Century o After the war American power and American values would underpin a previously unimaginable prosperity the abundant life produced by free economic enterprise The Way of Life of Free Men o In 1942 and 1943 the reports of the National Resources Planning Board NRPB offered a blueprint for peacetime economy based on full employment an expanded welfare state and widely shared American standard of living o The board called for a new bill of rights that would include all Americans in an expanded Social Security system and guarantee access to education health care adequate housing and jobs for able bodied adults o President in 1944 called for an Economic Bill of Rights which would secure full employment an adequate income medical care education and a decent home for all Americans o However Congress did not enact the Economic Bill of Rights o However in 1944 Congress did extend to the millions of returning veterans an array of benefits Servicemen s Readjustment Act or GI Bill of Rights The Road to Serfdom o Surprise best seller by Friedrich A Hayek o Claimed that even the best intentioned government efforts to direct the economy posed threat to individual liberty o By equating fascism socialism and the New Deal and by identifying economic planning with a loss of freedom he helped lay the foundation for the rise of the modern conservatism and a revival of laissez faire economic thought The American Dilemma Patriotic Assimilation o WII created a vast melting pot especially for European immigrants and their children o By the war s end racism and nativism had been stripped of intellectual respectability at least outside of the South and were viewed as psychological disorders The Bracero Program o Bracero Program agreed to by the Mexican and American governments in 1942 tens of thousands of contract laborers crossed into the US to take up jobs as domestic and agricultural workers until 1964 o Zoot suit riots of 1943 club wielding sailors and policemen attacked MexicanAmerican youths wearing flamboyant clothing on the streets of LA illustrated the limits of wartime tolerance o Fair Employment Practices Commission FEPC established to fight the practice in the Southwest of confining them to the lowest paid work or paying them lower wages than white workers doing the same jobs Indians during the War o 25 000 Indians served in the war o Included Navajo code talkers who transmitted messages in their complex native languages that the Japanese could not decipher o Reservations did share in wartime prosperity so many chose to not return back Asian Americans in Wartime o 50 000 fought in the army o Congress in 1943 ended decades of complete exclusion by establishing a nationality quota for Chinese immigrants Japanese American Internment o Inspired by exaggerated fears of a Japanese invasion of the West Coast and pressured by whites who saw an opportunity to gain possession of JapaneseAmerican property o Military persuaded FDR to issue Executive Order 9066 promulgated in Feb 1942 Ordered the relocation of all persons of Japanese descent from the West Coast 110 000 men women and children relocated Did not apply to Hawaii as Japanese labor made up its economy o Internees were subjected to a quasi military discipline in the camps o Internment revealed how easily war can undermine basic freedom The courts refused to intervene o 1944 Korematsu v United States Supreme Court denied the appeal of Fred Korematsu a Japanese American citizen who had been arrested for refusing to present himself for internment Justice Hugo Black upheld the legality of the internment policy insisting that an order applying only to persons of Japanese descent was not based on race o Government established a loyalty oath program expecting Japanese Americans to swear allegiance to the government that had imprisoned them and to enlist in the army 200 young men were sent to prison for refusing the draft 20 000 joined o 1988 Congress apologized and gave every survivor 20 000 Blacks and the War o The wartime message of freedom portended a major transformation in the status of blacks o The war spurred a movement of black population from the rural South to the cities of the North and West 700 000 black migrants poured out of the South on what they called liberty trains seeking jobs in the industrial heartland Blacks and the Military Services o WWII began with no black members in air force or marines o Army restricted the number of black enlistees o Navy enlisted blacks only as cooks and waiters o More than 1 million blacks served in the war o GI Bill was even segregated and offered racial discrimination for blacks when they returned from war Birth of the Civil Rights Movement o War years witnessed the birth of the modern civil rights movement o Black leader A Philip Randolph in July 1941 led a March on Washington Demanded access to defense employment and end to segregation and a national antilynching law o Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802 banned discrimination in defense jobs and established Fair Employment Practice Commission FEPC to monitor compliance The Double V o February 1942 Pittsburgh Courier coined the phrase that came to symbolize black attitudes during the war the double V