NR 150 1st Edition Lecture 3 Outline of Last Lecture I Marine Science began as a result of voyaging for trade and goods II Ancient Mediterranean cultures III Polynesian explorers IV Chinese explorers Outline of Current Lecture V The Age of Discovery VI Earth and the Ocean VII The Young Earth Current Lecture I The Age of Discovery a Europeans explored the world by sea during the Renaissance i Henry the Navigator Prince of Portugal 1 Wanted to find a sea route around the Sahara Desert which was the traditional route for trade via caravans for slaves and gold 2 Brought gold back from expeditions to mint the first gold coins in Europe ii Christopher Columbus 1 Wanted to pioneer a sea route to the rich and fabled lands of the East made famous about 200 years earlier by the voyage of Marco Polo 2 Conducted 4 trips to the Caribbean but wasn t the first to America a Native Americans started inhabiting the area about 11000 years ago b Norwegian Vikings had made close to 2 dozen trips to America about 500 years before Columbus 3 Opened up the interest of living in North America to Europeans These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute iii Magellan Expidition 1519 1522 1 The first voyage around the world took about 3 years 2 Only 18 of the original 200 sailors survived the voyage 3 Magellan was killed in the Phillipines before the trip was completed b Scientific Oceanography i Voyaging combined with science to advance ocean studies ii James Cooke of the British Royal Navy 1 Began the official study of the ocean 2 Brought back data and specimins during his voyages on the HMS Endeavour 3 Killed during his second voyage iii US Exploring Expidition 1838 1 A naval and scientific expedition under the leadership of Lt Charles Wilkes 2 Brought back specimens and artifacts 3 Started the collections that eventually lead to the development of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington DC iv Matthew Maury 1 Considered to be the Father of Physical Oceanography 2 Discovered the worldwide patterns of winds and ocean currents 3 During the time of the gold rush allowed for the transportation of gold to occur faster with the use of winds and currents v The Challenger Expedition 1 The first extensive expedition dedicated to marine science 2 Discovered about 5000 species by the time it ended 3 Remains the longest continuous oceanographic survey on record from December 1872 to May 1876 c Contempory oceanography makes use of modern technology i In the 20th century it became possible to start exploring the deep ocean floor and polar regions ii Fridtjof Nansen 1 Set out to proce that the Artic was an ocean not a continent 2 Added to the understanding of ice drift meteorlogical and oceanic conditions of the Artic Ocean 3 Had the Norwegian government build a wooden boat called the Fram with a rounded hull sailed to the New Siberian Islands during the summer and then waited until winter to be frozen in the ice masses a Drifted through the Artic as an ice mass to prove the movement of the ocean 4 He left his ship in an attempt to reach the North Pole but when he attempted to return the ship had drifted and he was stranded on Franz Josef Land Islands until his rescue iii Meteor Expedition 1925 1 Set out for two years to explore the South Atlantic 2 Used sonar to detect the bottom of the ocean a Discovered that the ocean wasn t the shape of a basin which was what was previously thought 3 Introduced modern optical and electronic equiptment iv Glomar Challenger 1968 1 During the time of the Plate Tectonics theory 2 Took sentiment cores from the ocean floor at about 6000 m of water to prove the Plate Tectonic theory v Satellites have become important tools in oceanography as well d Oceanographic Institutions arose to oversee complex research projects i Three of the most prominent oceanographic institutions in the United States 1 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 2 Scripps Institution of Oceanography 3 Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University II Earth and the Ocean a Scientific theory i Theories may changes as our knowledge and our powers of observation change b Stars form seas i The origin of the ocean is linked to the origin of the universe c Origin of the Universe the Big Bang Theory i The universe began to expand as it cooled forn the particles started to clump up and combine to create larger masses ii Edward Hubble 1889 1953 1 Changes the world s understanding of the universe 2 Confirmed the existence of other galaxies 3 Showed that the universe is expanding became known as Hubble s Law of Expansion iii Our Galaxy the Milky Way 1 A galaxy is a huge rotating aggregation of stars dust gas and other debris held together by gravity d Origin of a Solar System Condensation Theory i A solar nebula a large diffuse cloud of gas and dusts contracts under gravity ii As it contracts the nebula heats flattens and spins faster iii A protostar is born in the center 1 Protostar contracts because of gravitational forces 2 When the temperature in the protostar reaches about 10 million degrees Celcius 18 million degrees Faranehit nuclear fusion begins 3 Hydrogen atoms from Helium both remain gaseous liberates energy and allow the protostar to become a star 4 The young star then begins to shrink when fusion begins the star becomes stable 5 A large percent of hydrogen is converted into carbon and oxygen a As the sun starts consuming carbon and oxygen the energy output increase and the sun becomes a red giant 6 Our sun is a medium sized sun iv Planets form in disk 1 Materials besides hydrogen and helium can condense into solid seeds for building planets 2 Warm temperatures only allow metal rock seeds to condense in the inner solar system 3 Cold temperatures allow seeds to contain abundant ice in outer solar systems 4 New planets are formed by accretion the clumping of smaller particles into larger particles 5 The temperature gradient in our solar system causes terrestrial planets to be closest to the sun and gaseous planets to be the farthest from the sun III The Young Earth a Many particles bombarding each other and combining resulted in the formation of the earth b As it got bigger heavier elements moved towards the core and lighter elements moved towards the crust resulting in density stratification i Inner core outer core mantle crust c Earth s magnetic field i Enables the existance of the atmosphere ii Caused