[COMM 375: February 18, 2014]Brief History of Broadcast TV- The Inventor of the Modern TV: Philo Farnsworth 1906-1971o First time RCA licensed patents - Electronic version invented in 1920’s by Philo Farnsworth in his Idaho cornfields- Broadcast TV began in the 1930’s - On average, an American spends 5:11 hours per day watching TVo 9 years of life is spent watching TVo White = 5:02o Black = 7:12o Hispanic = 4:35o Asian = 3:14- On average, an American youth spends 3:31 hours per day watching TV- Hour per year an American youth spends in school = 900 hours- Hours per year an American youth spends watching TV = 1200 hours- Number of 30-second TV commercials seen in a year by the average child = 1600 - Percent of U.S. households that have at least one TV = 99% (has achieved saturation)- Average number of TV sets per U.S household = 2.24- Percent of Americans who regularly watch TV while eating dinner = 67%Nielsen- Company that monitors our TV viewing habits and sells data to advertisers- How they measure ratings o Diary – Self-Reporting Could be flawed by human decision or human erroro Set Meter – device on TV that shows who’s watching what and when Could be flawed by indicating you’re watching it when you’re not - Weaknesses?o Non-random sampleo Some differences not statistically significanto Diaries involve response biaso Set meters function even if no one’s in the room Only measure within householdo DVRS, internet streaming video, smartphones Include since 2006- Nielsen owns Arbitron and it’s called Nielsen Audio (which does the same thing for radio) [We are primarily concerned with violence in the media because of the possible affects on youth – copycat effects]Weegee (Famous Photographer)- Arthur Felig- NYC, 30s-60s- Crime Scenes- Shortwave Radio Media Violence- Cartoons - Explosions- Video – Jackass - Humor – Stephen Colbert - V Chip (limit children’s exposure to some shows that have been rated to be more violent)Prevalence - TV is on in average home 7 hours per day- Gerbnero Children shows had 32 acts of violence per houro Crime is 10x more prevalent on TV than in real lifeo By 18, adolescents have seen more than 200,000 acts of violence o NO PUNISHMENT FOR VIOLENCE IN 75% OF SCENESSocial Learning Theory (Bandura)- Emphasized rewards and punishment - Children model behavior – they learn what is right or wrong by modeling adult behavior - Aggressive behavior is learned through observing and imitating others- If a media character is attractive and rewarded for aggression, it will be more likely to influence a viewing child- Bandura: Bobo Doll Studyo Before this study, the idea at the time was that watching violent behavior would purge individuals of their personal aggressive feelings. o 1st Study: Big inflatable doll with an adult in the room – the adult either acted violently or calmly and then once they left the room, the child acted in a similar fashion. This shows that children imitate violent actions when they see someone else do them.o 2nd Study: Children watched an adult act out a violent scene on television – there were similar results. The children then acted violently in real life. o Results: Children exposed to the aggressive model were more likely to act in physically aggressive ways than those who were not exposed to the aggressive model Children more influenced by same-sex models Males more aggressive than females Social Cognitive Theory- Behavior by examining how cognitive, behavioral, and environmental factors interact.- Triadic Reciprocal Causation: 1. Personal Determinants2. Environmental Determinants3. Behavioral
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