11/18/20141CHAPTER 11Work-Related Attitudes:Components and DefinitionComponents of attitudes• Affect• Cognition• Behavior11/18/20142Job satisfaction• External causes of job satisfaction• Work that is interesting and challenging but not too tiring• Fair reward systems that provide a sense of control• Good relations with coworkers• Pleasant, positive work environment• Low physical and psychological stressJob satisfaction• Internal causes of job satisfaction• High self-esteem• Ability to withstand stress• Internal locus of control• Self-selection to the job or career• Realistic positive expectations• High status or seniority• Positive and realistic expectations• Good personal adjustment away from work• Genetic determinants (“good personality”)11/18/20143Job satisfaction diversity• Occupational differences: managers versus rank-and-file, white collar versus blue collar• Stage of career differences: older versus younger workers, mid-career plateau• Cultural differences: career success versus quality of life, social needs versus ego needs• Gender differences: status, prestige, income versus social relations and opportunities to help others; men are overrepresented in occupations that maintain the existing social structure, whereas women are overrepresented in occupations that help the oppressedSocial dominance orientation as a function of social role (Sidanius & Pratto, 1999)11/18/20144Hertzberg’s motivation-maintenance modelJob satisfaction diversity• Motivation maintenance theory (hygiene or maintenance factors versus motivators)• Social exchange theory: why people often stay in jobs they dislike and leave jobs they like• Comparison level (CL)• Comparison level for alternatives (CLalt)11/18/20145Effects of job satisfaction• Job satisfaction, absenteeism, and turnover (many other causes apply as well)• Job satisfaction and life satisfaction• Job satisfaction and personal health• Longevity• Mental well-being (reduced anxiety, high self-esteem, good social adjustment)Organizational commitment• Producing organizational commitment• Factors associated with increased organizational commitment• Job characteristics: high levels of responsibility, opportunities for promotion, job autonomy, importance of the work• Personal characteristics: length of employment, age, personal growth needs• Company policies: employee ownership, clear organizational values, vigorous recruitment, newcomer orientation