RTV 1310: Perspectives on Broadcast, Cable, and Internet TechnologiesMore Notes on Course ContentHistoryTechnologyTerminologyOverview, Broadcast, Cable, Satellite, WebEconomics Programming/Content CreationSocial ImpactAudience MeasurementEthicsControlsHow to make itDrivePersistenceOrganizationClassroom PerformanceOrganizations/Extra-Curricular ActivitiesContact Phyllis Slocum Phone (940) 565-2041 RTFP [email protected]://untshortfilmclub.com/Katy Hancock – Program DirectorTovah Brown – News Director Evan Nemec – Sports DirectorApplications – Online at http://www.kntu.comHow to make itDrivePersistenceOrganizationClassroom PerformanceOrganizations/Extra-Curricular ActivitiesMake Contacts– Build the pathway to your career– Beginning now!!!!!!Chapter 1- History of Broadcast Media Chapter 1- History of Broadcast Media Information Superhighway (National Information Infrastructure, 1993)Invention, experimentation, adoption... ConvergenceConvergenceConvergence&Disruption/InnovationConvergence leads to questions– How does new media fit in with the established media landscape and viceversa– Innovation leads to disruption of old models– Multi-media • Is content, content regardless of the platform or are new methods necessary?• Will it all become seamless & transparent – How to monetize?So…Chapter 1 – History of Broadcast MediaChapter 2 – History of Cable, Home Video, and the InternetThe first instances of convergenceChapter 1 History of Broadcast MediaPreconditions: Social, Industrial & Business, TechnologicalSocial• Urbanization• Rise in Literacy Rate, Etc.• Increase in leisure timeIndustrial & Business• Mass Production Techniques• Mass Media Distribution• Penny Press • Motion Pictures• VaudevilleInventors & InventionsTechnological Phonograph (Concept)Wire– 1844 Telegraph– 1866 Transatlantic Cable– 1876 Telephone Wireless– 1873 Maxwell's Theory– 1888 Hertz' Confirmation– 1896 Marconi's Patent– 1897 Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Co.– 1899 American Marconi Founded– 1901 First Transatlantic Wireless MessageWireless (Cont.)– 1904 Fleming's Diode Patent The Inventors1906 - Reginald Fessenden - tested his alternator on Christmas EveDemonstrated that voice could be transmitted over the “ether.” – Fessenden’s alternator produceda continuous wave that was needed for the transmission of voice or music.– 1907 De Forest's Experiments Leading to Triode (Audion)– 1916 De Forest's Experimental Transmissions• The Audion modified the “Fleming valve” by inserting a wire grid between the plate of the tube and its cathode. • This invention helped make modern electronics possible• De Forest’s “Audion” made it possible to amplify weak radio signals.What about Tesla?Nikola Tesla• 1894 - had version of electronic tube and performed transmissions.• 1897 - had patents describing transmission experiments.1915 - filed suit against Marconi.1943 - Supreme Court awarded Tesla credit for some inventions formerly credited to Marconi.• It is speculated, the fact that Marconi was suing the U.S. Government for use of these patents in WW I factored in to this ruling.Tesla’s application of radio transmissions not directed toward telegraphy or broadcasting• Transmission of electricity• Remote control• Beam weaponsWho was Nathanial Stubblefield (1892)? – 1907 De Forest's Experiments Leading to Triode (Audion)– 1916 De Forest's Experimental Transmissions• The Audion modified the “Fleming valve” by inserting a wire grid between the plate of the tube and its cathode. • This invention helped make modern electronics possible• De Forest’s “Audion” made it possible to amplify weak radio signals.Corporate Interest/Legal IssuesDe Forest’s audion got him into patent trouble with the Marconi Company.– Claimed the Audion infringed on the Fleming Valve patentBritish Marconi and its American subsidiary dominated radio. General Electric, AT&T and Westinghouse– Initially only interested in telephone communications– Eventually were also interested in the radio business– Patents for transmitters and receivers split among these companies and othersBefore World War I – Radio still primarily point-to-point communication used like the telegraph.Radio Goes to War During the First World War– Because of national security interests the Navy took control of all radio operations in the U.S. – Patent Pooling– The Navy assumed all responsibility for patent infringement and installed radio equipment in all of its ships.By the end of the war– Technology had advanced rapidly as aresult of the Navy’s actions.Radio Goes to WarThe war created a ready group of radio hobbyists after the war.The war brought big business into thedevelopment of the medium after the war.The Birth of Radio Corporation of America – formed after the war• took controlling interest of the American Marconi company (subsidiary of B. Marconi)– Parent company General Electric Company– in the business of point-to-point communicationThe Birth of RCA entered into a cross-licensing plan designed to solve the patent problems that would have re-emerged after the war– Allowed GE, AT&T and Westinghouse to take advantage of each others’ discoveries• GE and Westinghouse would manufacture radio equipment• RCA would sell it• AT&T would build transmitters– Based on point-to-point communication as thefocusNew Patent Pools Worked well until the idea of broadcasting began to emerge.– led to the eventual dissolving of the just agreed to cross-licensing agreements and thealignment of the patent holders into two rival groups • Telephone Group (AT&T, Western Electric)• Radio Group (GE, RCA, Westinghouse)Broadcasting’s BeginningsRadio broadcasting idea grew in the 1920s because:– Thousands of hobbyists were trained in radio during the war– Technological improvements made during the war gave radio better reception– Business interests began to realize that broadcasting might make moneyBroadcasting’s BeginningsWestinghouse, RCA, GE and AT&T started experimental stations.At the beginning of 1922, there were 28 stations actively broadcasting.At the end of 1922, there were 570.Interference became a major headache.Radio GroupWestinghouse credited with putting the first licensed station on the air.– 1920 -- Westinghouse, Chief Technician, Frank Conrad, conducted on air experiments– Horne’s Department