ANSC 318 1st Edition Exam 2 Study Guide Lectures 11 17 Lecture 11 October 9 Feedstuffs Characteristics What are the differences in percent of forages and concentrates in ruminants vs nonruminants Ruminants with the exception of feedlot cattle eat mainly forage based diets 70 while nonruminants are fed a mainly concentrate ration This is due to the ease of digestibility of concentrates and nonruminant s lack of fiber digestion What industry uses the largest proportion of concentrate feedstuffs in the US The hog industry uses 30 of US feedstuffs What classes fall under the pasture and grazed forages category Grasses family Gramineae legumes family Leguminosae forbs and browse How much protein do proteinaceous silages have They contain 10 protein Give 2 examples of mineral supplements Bone meal and limestone Give 2 examples of vitamin supplements Fish oil and wheat germ What feed additive would you use to prevent product deterioration Chemical preservatives Do roughages or concentrates have a high calcium and low phosphorous content Roughages Concentrates have a low calcium and high phosphorous content What are some characteristics of Carbonaceous Concentrates They have 35 NDF high energy content and 20 CP What in corn can animals convert to Vitamin A carotene What are some advantages and disadvantages to feeding corn Advantages no limitations with nutritionally balanced diets only grain with carotene can be fed whole mainly ruminants Disadvantages susceptible to mold damage that can produce mycotoxins Where is most of the Sorghum in the US produced Why Texas Sorghum is more drought resistant than other crops and does well in the Texas climate How does Sorghum nutritionally compare to corn In swine it has 95 of the feeding value of corn and in ruminants it has 70 95 of the feeding value of corn Sorghum can also be the only grain in a nutritionally balanced diet Why is wheat not primarily used for livestock It is more expensive than corn and sorghum because of its use in human diets What would be good about feeding wheat It has a higher feeding value than corn and has the best protein quality of the cereal grains Describe the issues of feeding wheat to cattle Wheat is usually limited to about 50 of grain fed to ruminants because its starch is more quickly fermented in the rumen and can easily cause acidosis If wheat is fed the pH level should be watched carefully List the top three energy concentrates in order 1 Corn 2 Sorghum 3 Barley True False Barley has a rather low fiber content False The fiber content in barley is higher than the content in corn sorghum or wheat Where is barley grown What is it used for Typically grown in the northern states barley is widely used in the brewing industry and also used in both nonruminant and ruminant diets What are some advantages and disadvantages of feeding oats Advantages They are considered safe for horses because of their high fiber content to help prevent colic and are best suited for ruminant and horse diets Disadvantages most expensive 30 35 hulls by weight limited use in pigs and are of a lower quality True False Grain screenings are made from all grains and cannot be fed to horses True Why do producers use milling by products They have a lower fiber content and higher energy content than whole feeds What is the most popular high CHO liquid feed Why Molasses It has a moderate energy content and is very palatable to cattle because of its sweet taste so it is often used for mixing and dust control in diets What are the types of by products used in the feed industry Milling by products of cereal grain gluten feed corn sorghum Middlings wheat rye Hominy Feed and Grain Screenings High CHO liquid feeds Molasses sugarcane sugarbeats liquid milk by products By products of dry feeds Beet pulp citrus pulp dried bakery product Roots and tubers roots and tubers potatoes and carrots cassava Fats and Oils animal and poultry fats vegetable oil blended animal vegetable fats Lecture 12 October 14 Protein Feeds What classifies a feed as a proteinaceous concentrate It has lower than 35 NDF is fair to high in energy content and is higher than 20 crude protein List the oilseed protein feeds Soybean Meal Cottonseed Meal peanut meal sunflower meal flaxseed meal canola meal What is the gold standard of proteinaceous concentrates Are there different types Soybean Meal There are 2 different types of soybean meal 1 44 protein SBM with most hulls and about 7 crude fiber and 2 50 protein SBM with 3 crude fiber Why is soybean meal so highly valued as a feedstuff Out of the plant based protein feeds it has the best quality protein for nonruminants it is moderate to high in energy has a good amount of phosphorous and no other plantbase equals the nutritional value of SBM Are there any downsides to feeding Soybean meal Raw soybeans have protease inhibitors that bind enzymes like trypsin to reduce protein digestibility in small intestine Heat during processing will destroy protease inhibitors How does cottonseed meal compare to soybean meal It is cheaper on a protein basis has 41 protein higher inclusion of hulls high in phosphorous but has lower quality protein than SBM and due to the inclusion of hulls has less energy content What is gossypol Pigment glands that are in glanded cottonseed It is usually free form and can be toxic to pigs poultry if fed in diets If dietary iron is included in the diet it will bind free gossypol and reduce its absorption Ruminants are less susceptible to gossypol toxicity What kind of diets is peanut meal best suited for Ruminant diets because it has 46 lower quality protein which reflects its cost Potential for aflatoxin contamination Describe the nutritional value of sunflower meal 34 42 protein moderate crude fiber lower protein quality moderate in calcium high in phosphorous grown in the north and better suited for ruminant diets What is flaxseed used for Why To modify body composition because it is high in omega fatty acids highest plant source of alpha linoleic acid What are some advantages and disadvantages of canola or rapeseed oil Advantages 2nd best quality plant based source of protein behind SBM moderate Ca high P 35 40 protein Disadvatnages Rapeseed can contain erucic acid and glucosinolate canola meal is low in glucosinolate What is the main difference between Millfeed Protein sources and Distillery and brewery protein sources Distillery and brewery protein sources are cooked in water enzymatically degraded and fermented