History of ComputersThe History of ComputersAncient HistoryThe First Computer HardwareThe First ProgrammerThe First Electrical computerAiken, Zuse, Atanasoff, BerryThe Mark IENIAC, UNIVAC by John Machly & J. PresperFour generations of computersFour generations of computersFirst Computer “Bug”History SummaryQuestions?Slide 151History of ComputersHistory of Computers(Excerpts from CMPE3)(Excerpts from CMPE3)2The History of ComputersThe History of ComputersThe history of computers is interesting The history of computers is interesting (or should be if you are in this class) (or should be if you are in this class) and relevant to our professional lives.and relevant to our professional lives.3Ancient HistoryAncient History•John Napier (1550-John Napier (1550-1617), develops 1617), develops logarithms and logarithms and “napier’s bones” “napier’s bones” which are which are multiplication tables multiplication tables on a stickon a stick•Wilhelm Schickard Wilhelm Schickard (1592-1635) builds a (1592-1635) builds a machine that can add, machine that can add, subtract, multiply and subtract, multiply and divide but is lost to 30 divide but is lost to 30 years war and plagueyears war and plague•Blaise Pascal (1623-Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) is credited with 1662) is credited with building the first building the first calculator, the calculator, the “pascaline” could “pascaline” could only add and subtractonly add and subtract•Gottfried Wilhelm Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) Leibniz (1646-1716) improved Pascal’s improved Pascal’s design quite a bit. design quite a bit. Dreamed of perfect Dreamed of perfect mechanical mechanical reasoning.reasoning.4The First Computer HardwareThe First Computer HardwareCharles Babbage, born 1791Charles Babbage, born 1791•Father of the computer Father of the computer –1830 Difference engine - used mechanical power •calculated mathematical tables •smallest imperfections caused errors •Funded by the British government •Funding was pulled, even his Funding was pulled, even his colleagues thought it wouldn't work colleagues thought it wouldn't work –conceived of analytical engine to perform many types of calculations –son built a model of the machine –working version finally built 19915The First ProgrammerThe First ProgrammerAda, the countess of LovelaceAda, the countess of Lovelace•Daughter of Lord Byron Daughter of Lord Byron •Mother of computer programming – the first Mother of computer programming – the first programmer!programmer!•A gifted mathematician. A gifted mathematician. •She helped develop instructions for She helped develop instructions for computations on the analytical engine. computations on the analytical engine. •Saw Babbage's theoretical approach as Saw Babbage's theoretical approach as workable.workable.•Responsible for subroutines, looping, Responsible for subroutines, looping, conditional branchesconditional branches6The First Electrical computerThe First Electrical computer1890 Herman Hollerith 1890 Herman Hollerith •Able to count the census in 6 weeks rather than 7 Able to count the census in 6 weeks rather than 7 years years –Used Jacquard’s punch cards•Sorted into bins•Count number of cards •Developed in 1800 by a French silk weaver•Electrical power Electrical power •Tabulating machine company merged into Tabulating machine company merged into IBMIBM in 1924 in 19247Aiken, Zuse, Atanasoff, BerryAiken, Zuse, Atanasoff, Berry•1936 - Harvard graduate 1936 - Harvard graduate student Howard Aiken began student Howard Aiken began thinking of modern thinking of modern equivalent of analytical equivalent of analytical engine...engine...•1939 Germany - Konrad Zuse 1939 Germany - Konrad Zuse completed completed first first programmable, general-programmable, general-purpose calculating devicepurpose calculating device to solve mathematical to solve mathematical problems problems –Paper was in short supply during war, used film tape•1939 - Iowa State Professor 1939 - Iowa State Professor John Atanasoff developed John Atanasoff developed the the first electronic digital first electronic digital computercomputer, the Atanasoff-, the Atanasoff-Berry Computer Berry Computer (ABC)(ABC) –Above is a picture of Berry8The Mark IThe Mark I1944 Harvard professor Howard Aiken completed the 1944 Harvard professor Howard Aiken completed the Mark IMark I–Assistant Grace Hopper•Developed compiler for the computer–8 feet high, 55 feet long steel and glass –used noisy electromechanical relays –5-6 times faster than a person –not very efficient –Enter data into computer using paper tape9ENIAC, UNIVACENIAC, UNIVAC by John by John Machly & J. PresperMachly & J. PresperWWII - WWII - ENIACENIAC Electronic Electronic Numerical Integrator and Numerical Integrator and Computer Computer –based on the ABC–machine to calculate trajectory tables for new guns –First general-purpose computer•June 14, 1951 - June 14, 1951 - UNIVAC 1UNIVAC 1 - - Universal Universal Automatic Automatic Computer Computer –First general-purpose commercial computer10Four generations of Four generations of computerscomputers1.1.1951-1958 1951-1958 Vacuum TubeVacuum Tube –about the size of light bulbs –thousands of them –is the bug a problem with tube or program? –machine code and punch cards 2. 1959-1964 2. 1959-1964 TransistorTransistor –transfers electronic signals across resistor –assembly language –1954 - FORTRAN –1959 - COBOL11Four generations of computers Four generations of computers 3. 1965-1970 3. 1965-1970 Integrated CircuitIntegrated Circuit –complete electronic circuit on a small chip of silicon –silicon is a semiconductor - will transmit electrical signal when specific chemical impurities are introduced to lattice structure. –IBM 360 series of IBM –first time small and medium businesses could afford a computer. –unbundle software - sell software separately –birth of software industry 4. 1971-PRESENT 4. 1971-PRESENT MicroprocessorMicroprocessor (VLSI)(VLSI)–extension of third generation –get specialized chips for memory and logic12First Computer “Bug”First Computer “Bug”•Found on the 9th of Found on the 9th of September, 1945, by September, 1945, by Grace Murray Hopper Grace Murray Hopper while she was while she was working on the working on the Harvard University Harvard University Mark II Aiken Relay Mark II