Microcontrollers and the Freescale Motorola HC11 Summer 2008 What is a microcontroller A computer on a chip used to control electronic devices A microprocessor Usually not cutting edge 4 bit to 32 bit Dependable all major bugs well known Predictable critical for real time processing On chip peripherals and memory Parallel and serial digital I O Analog I O Counters and timers Internal ROM RAM and or EPROM CMPE12 Summer 2008 Slides by ADB 2 1 What are microcontrollers used in Microcontrollers are used in Watches Microwaves Stereo Receivers ATMs PDAs MP3 players Automobiles between 9 and 50 Some products that you might know NASA s Sojourner Rover 8 bit Intel 80C85 Palm Vx handheld 32 bit Motorola Dragonball EZ Sonicare toothbrush 8 bit Zilog Z8 The Vendo V MAX 720 Soda Machine Motorola HC11 Miele dishwasher 8 bit Motorola 68HC05 Hunter 44550 Programmable Thermostat 4 bit cpu CMPE12 Summer 2008 Slides by ADB 3 Microprocessor unit sales Microprocessor unit sales are 100 times higher than microcontroller sales Microprocessor 220 million Microcontroller 20 billion Microcontrollers are much much cheaper CMPE12 Summer 2008 Slides by ADB 4 2 Microcontrollers 1 4 AMCC Until May 2004 these Cs were developed and marketed by IBM whose 4xx family was sold to Applied Micro Circuits Corporation 403 PowerPC CPU 405 PowerPC CPU Nios II 32 bit configurable soft processor Nios 16 bit configurable soft processor Atmel PPC 440GP PPC 440GX PPC 440EP EPx GRx PPC 440SP SPe Altera PPC 405EP PPC 405GP CR PPC 405GPr PPC NPe405H L 440 PowerPC Book E CPU PPC 403GCX AT89 series Intel 8051 architecture AT90 ATtiny ATMega series AVR architecture Atmel Norway design AT91SAM ARM architecture AVR32 32 bit AVR architecture Charmed Labs Cypress MicroSystems Dallas Semiconductor CMPE12 Summer 2008 Slides by ADB 5 Microcontrollers 2 4 Freescale Semiconductor Until 2004 these Cs were developed and marketed by Motorola whose semiconductor division was spun off to establish Freescale 8 bit 16 bit 68HC12 CPU12 68HC16 CPU16 Freescale DSP56800 DSPcontroller 32 bit 68HC05 CPU05 68HC08 CPU08 68HC11 CPU11 Freescale 683XX MPC500 MPC 860 PowerQUICC MPC 8240 8250 PowerQUICC II MPC 8540 8555 8560 PowerQUICC III Fujitsu Holtek Infineon 8 bit 16 bit 32 bit family XC800 family C500 C800 family XC166 family TRICORE family CMPE12 Summer 2008 Slides by ADB 6 3 Microcontrollers 3 4 Intel 8 bit MCS 48 8048 family also incl 8035 8038 8039 8040 8X42 8X49 8050 X 0 or 7 MCS 51 8051 family also incl 8X31 8X32 8X52 X 0 3 or 7 8xC251 16 bit MCS 96 8096 family also incl 8061 Intel MCS 296 Lattice Semiconductor Microchip Technology Mico8 softcore 8 bit microcontroller 8 and 16 bit microcontrollers with 12 to 24 bit instructions ability to include DSP function 12 bit instruction PIC 14 bit instruction PIC 16 bit instruction PIC National Semiconductor PIC16F84 COP8 CR16 NEC Philips Semiconductors Rabbit Semiconductor CMPE12 Summer 2008 Slides by ADB 7 Microcontrollers 4 4 Renesas Technology Renesas is a joint venture of Hitachi and Mitsubishi Electric Silabs Silicon Motion STMicroelectronics Texas Instruments Toshiba Western Design Center Ubicom Xemics Xilinx ZiLOG CMPE12 Summer 2008 Slides by ADB 8 4 Languages for microcontrollers Language 98 99 99 00 Assembly 21 10 C 69 80 C 5 6 Java 1 2 Other 3 2 Source TRON Association Survey 1998 99 1999 2000 CMPE12 Summer 2008 Slides by ADB 9 Motorola Freescale MC68HC11A8 M6801 CPU core Memory 8KB ROM 512B EEPROM 256B RAM Counter Timer system 8 channel 8 bit A D converter Analog to digital converter external D A in our kit Parallel I O port Two serial I O ports Asynchronous SCI Synchronous SPI Expansion bus for external memory CMPE12 Summer 2008 Slides by ADB 10 5 What are RAM and ROM RAM Random access memory Write to any location with the same effort Same amount of time ROM Random access read only memory PROM Programmable ROM EPROM Erasable PROM EEPROM Electrically erasable PROM Flash EEPROM Faster EEPROM CMPE12 Summer 2008 Slides by ADB 11 High level HC11 architecture Interrupt logic Timer and counter Port A MEMORY M8601 CPU core Serial I O Port B CMPE12 Summer 2008 Slides by ADB Port C Port D A D converter Port E 12 6 Our HC11 microkit LCD display brightness control LCD AC DC Power adapter Serial cable to PC LEDs HC11 C Switches CMPE12 Summer 2008 Slides by ADB 13 Our HC11 microkit board Serial RS232C connector LCD display brightness control External RAM HC11 C HW Reset EEPROM LEDs Interrupt CMPE12 Summer 2008 Slides by ADB Switches 14 7 HC11 programmer accessible hardware Buttons Switches 8 switches MSb on far left and LSb on far right Accessed by reading from SWITCHES LEDs Reset Interrupt IRQ 8 LEDs MSb on far left and LSb on far right Accessed by writing to LEDS Active low writing a 0 turns a light on LCD Two lines 16 characters per line We provide some routines output to LCD CMPE12 Summer 2008 Slides by ADB 16 The HC11 instruction set architecture Mixed 8 bit 16 bit architecture CISC with more than 100 opcodes One instruction can use several addressing modes depending on how you use it Accumulator architecture CMPE12 Summer 2008 Slides by ADB 17 8 An aside accumulator architecture One operand comes from memory The other comes from the accumulator CMPE12 Summer 2008 Slides by ADB 18 The HC11 accumulators and registers Two 8 bit accumulators or you can use them together as one 16 bit accumulator Two 8 bit accumulators A or B One 16 bit accumulator A B called D Two index registers Two 16 bit index registers X and Y used for addressing memory or for counting Special registers 16 bit dedicated stack pointer SP 16 bit program counter PC 8 bit condition codes register CCR CMPE12 Summer 2008 Slides by ADB 19 9 The HC11 registers CMPE12 Summer 2008 Slides by ADB 20 Accumulators A B and D General purpose 8 bit accumulators Source destination of most operations Almost always interchangeable E g ABA add B to A A B is unchanged Note that there is no AAB instruction A B SBA subtract B from A A B Note that there is no SAB instruction A 7 A 15 CMPE12 Summer 2008 Slides by ADB 0 7 D B 0 0 21 10 Accumulators A B and D Some instructions use A B as a single 16 bit register D E g ADDD 2 LDD 1 MUL A 7 0 B 7 D 15 0 0 CMPE12 Summer 2008 Slides by ADB 22 Index registers X and Y 15 X 0 15 Y 0 16 bit index registers X and Y Used for indexed addressing mode Swap with register D to perform complex address operations Address space 64KB LC 3 64K words which is 128 KB CMPE12 Summer 2008 Slides by ADB 23 11 HC11 User Stack The HC11 has